Reading Susan Isaacs: Toward a radically revised theory of thinking

Abstract

The author views Isaacs’s (1952) paper, The nature and function of phantasy, as making an important contribution to the development of a radically revised psychoanalytic theory of thinking. Perhaps Isaacs’s most important contribution is the notion that phantasy is the process that creates meaning, and that phantasy is the form in which all meanings – including feelings, defense ‘mechanisms,’ impulses, bodily experiences, and so on – exist in unconscious mental life. The author discusses both explicit formulations offered by Isaacs as well as his own extensions of her ideas. The latter include (1) the idea that phantasying generates not only unconscious psychic content, but also constitutes the entirety of unconscious thinking; (2) the notion that transference is a form of phantasying that serves as a way of thinking for the first time (in relation to the analyst) emotional events that occurred in the past, but were too disturbing to be experienced at the time they occurred and (3) a principal aim and function of phantasy is that of fulfilling the human need to get to know and understand the truth of one’s experience.

The author concludes by discussing the relationship between Isaacs’s concept of phantasy and Bion’s concepts of alpha function and the human need for the truth, as well as the differences between Fairbairn’s and Isaacs’s conceptions of the nature of unconscious internal object relationships.

Key words:

• Bion
• Isaacs
• theory of thinking
• unconscious thinking
• phantasying
• transference
• unconscious self‐reflection
• Fairbairn
• unconscious psychic reality
• need to know

Notes

1. This discussion of Isaacs’s (1952) paper is the seventh in a series of papers in which I offer studies of seminal analytic contributions. I have previously discussed works by Freud, Fairbairn, Winnicott, Bion, Loewald and Searles (Ogden, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010a).