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Abstract
Arctic sea ice data from a variety of historical sources have been synthesized into a database extending back to 1850 with monthly time‐resolution. The synthesis procedure includes interpolation to a uniform grid and an analog‐based estimation of ice concentrations in areas of no data. The consolidated database shows that there is no precedent as far back as 1850 for the 21st century's minimum ice extent of sea ice on the pan‐Arctic scale. A regional‐scale exception to this statement is the Bering Sea. The rate of retreat since the 1990s is also unprecedented and especially large in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Decadal and multidecadal variations have occurred in some regions, but their magnitudes are smaller than that of the recent ice loss. Interannual variability is prominent in all regions and will pose a challenge to sea ice prediction efforts.
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This work was supported by the Climate Program Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through Grants NA11OAR4310172 and NA11OAR4310141. We thank Lawson Brigham and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments, especially the suggestion to comment on broader applications in geography.
[Corrections added on October 27, 2016, after initial online publication: The honorific titles of John Walsh and F. Fetterer were changed.]
This work was supported by the Climate Program Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through Grants NA11OAR4310172 and NA11OAR4310141. We thank Lawson Brigham and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments, especially the suggestion to comment on broader applications in geography.
[Corrections added on October 27, 2016, after initial online publication: The honorific titles of John Walsh and F. Fetterer were changed.]
Notes
This work was supported by the Climate Program Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through Grants NA11OAR4310172 and NA11OAR4310141. We thank Lawson Brigham and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments, especially the suggestion to comment on broader applications in geography.
[Corrections added on October 27, 2016, after initial online publication: The honorific titles of John Walsh and F. Fetterer were changed.]
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
John E. Walsh
Dr. J. E. Walsh is a Research Professor at the International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; [[email protected]].
Florence Fetterer
Ms. F. Fetterer is NOAA Principal Investigator at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; [[email protected]].
J. Scott stewart
Mr. J. Scott Stewart is a researcher affiliated with the National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; [[email protected]].
William L. Chapman
Mr. W. L. Chapman is a Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; [[email protected]].