Phosphorylation of Slx4 by Mec1 and Tel1 Regulates the Single-Strand Annealing Mode of DNA Repair in Budding Yeast

Abstract

Budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Slx4 is essential for cell viability in the absence of the Sgs1 helicase and for recovery from DNA damage. Here we report that cells lacking Slx4 have difficulties in completing DNA synthesis during recovery from replisome stalling induced by the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Although DNA synthesis restarts during recovery, cells are left with unreplicated gaps in the genome despite an increase in translesion synthesis. In this light, epistasis experiments show that SLX4 interacts with genes involved in error-free bypass of DNA lesions. Slx4 associates physically, in a mutually exclusive manner, with two structure-specific endonucleases, Rad1 and Slx1, but neither of these enzymes is required for Slx4 to promote resistance to MMS. However, Rad1-dependent DNA repair by single-strand annealing (SSA) requires Slx4. Strikingly, phosphorylation of Slx4 by the Mec1 and Tel1 kinases appears to be essential for SSA but not for cell viability in the absence of Sgs1 or for cellular resistance to MMS. These results indicate that Slx4 has multiple functions in responding to DNA damage and that a subset of these are regulated by Mec1/Tel1-dependent phosphorylation.

We thank Helle Ulrich, Michael Fasullo, Virginia Zakian, and EUROSCARF for yeast strains and Steve Brill for useful reagents and advice. We are grateful to Susan Lees-Miller for the kind gift of DNA-PK. We thank the Antibody Production Team and James Hastie and Hilary MacLauchlan in the Division of Signal Transduction Therapy, University of Dundee, for help with raising and purifying antibodies and the DNA sequencing group for technical assistance. We are grateful to Tony Carr, Anton Gartner, and members of the Rouse laboratory for useful discussions and to S. Gasser for technical advice.

S.F. was funded by a predoctoral fellowship from the Medical Research Council (MRC) UK, and work in the Rouse lab is funded by the MRC, the Association for International Cancer Research, and an EMBO Young Investigator Award.