Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Phosphorylates p21^WAF1/CIP1 for Proteasomal Degradation after UV Irradiation

Abstract

UV irradiation has been reported to induce p21^WAF1/CIP1 protein degradation through a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, but the underlying biochemical mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that ser-114 phosphorylation of p21 protein by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is required for its degradation in response to UV irradiation and that GSK-3β activation is a downstream event in the ATR signaling pathway triggered by UV. UV transiently increased GSK-3β activity, and this increase could be blocked by caffeine or by ATR small interfering RNA, indicating ATR-dependent activation of GSK-3β. ser-114, located within the putative GSK-3β target sequence, was phosphorylated by GSK-3β upon UV exposure. The nonphosphorylatable S114A mutant of p21 was protected from UV-induced destabilization. Degradation of p21 protein by UV irradiation was independent of p53 status and prevented by proteasome inhibitors. In contrast to the previous report, the proteasomal degradation of p21 appeared to be ubiquitination independent. These data show that GSK-3β is activated by UV irradiation through the ATR signaling pathway and phosphorylates p21 at ser-114 for its degradation by the proteasome. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of GSK-3β as the missing link between UV-induced ATR activation and p21 degradation.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

This work was supported by Proteomics grant FPR05C2-390 and a grant from the Medical Research Center for Environmental Toxicogenomics and Proteomics funded by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation.

We thank Bon-Hong Min and Kyung Mi Lee for critical reading of the manuscript.