Induction of Mxi1-SRα by FOXO3a Contributes to Repression of Myc-Dependent Gene Expression

Abstract

Forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FOXOs) are important targets of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt pathway. FOXOs have been implicated in the regulation of cell cycle progression, oxidative stress resistance, and apoptosis. Using DNA microarrays, we analyzed the transcriptional response to FOXO3a activation by gene expression analysis in DLD-1 colon cancer cells stably expressing a FOXO3a.A3-ER fusion protein. We found that activation of FOXO3a resulted in repression of a number of previously identified Myc target genes. Furthermore, FOXO3a activation induced expression of several members of the Mad/Mxd family of transcriptional repressors, most notably Mxi1. The induction of Mxi1 by FOXO3a was specific to the Mxi1-SRα isoform and was mediated by three highly conserved FOXO binding sites within the first intron of the gene. Activation of FOXO3a in response to inhibition of Akt also resulted in activation of Mxi1-SRα expression. Silencing of Mxi1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced FOXO3a-mediated repression of a number of Myc target genes. We also observed that FOXO3a activation induced a switch in promoter occupancy from Myc to Mxi1 on the E-box containing promoter regions of two Myc target genes, APEX and FOXM1. siRNA-mediated transient silencing of Mxi1 or all Mad/Mxd proteins reduced exit from S phase in response to FOXO3a activation, and stable silencing of Mxi1 or Mad1 reduced the growth inhibitory effect of FOXO3a. We conclude that induction of Mad/Mxd proteins contributes to the inhibition of proliferation in response to FOXO3a activation. Our results provide evidence of direct regulation of Mxi1 by FOXO3a and imply an additional mechanism through which the PI3-kinase/Akt/FOXO pathway can modulate Myc function.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

We thank Subham Basu, Gordon Peters, Bernhard Luescher, Claudio Santos, Bruno Amati, and Martin Eilers for helpful discussions and/or reagents and Selma El Messaoudi for her help and encouragement with ChIP experiments. We also thank the Microarray Facility at the Sanger Institute for production of cDNA microarrays and Gavin Kelly from the CRUK Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Service for advice. We thank the CRUK LRI Equipment Park and FACS Laboratory staff for valuable assistance.

This work was funded by Cancer Research UK.