SWI/SNF Mediates Polycomb Eviction and Epigenetic Reprogramming of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a Locus

Abstract

Stable silencing of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a tumor suppressor locus occurs in a variety of human cancers, including malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs). MRTs are extremely aggressive cancers caused by the loss of the hSNF5 subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. We found previously that, in MRT cells, hSNF5 is required for p16^INK4a induction, mitotic checkpoint activation, and cellular senescence. Here, we investigated how the balance between Polycomb group (PcG) silencing and SWI/SNF activation affects epigenetic control of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus in MRT cells. hSNF5 reexpression in MRT cells caused SWI/SNF recruitment and activation of p15^INK4b and p16^INK4a, but not of p14^ARF. Gene activation by hSNF5 is strictly dependent on the SWI/SNF motor subunit BRG1. SWI/SNF mediates eviction of the PRC1 and PRC2 PcG silencers and extensive chromatin reprogramming. Concomitant with PcG complex removal, the mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) protein is recruited and active histone marks supplant repressive ones. Strikingly, loss of PcG complexes is accompanied by DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B dissociation and reduced DNA methylation. Thus, various chromatin states can be modulated by SWI/SNF action. Collectively, these findings emphasize the close interconnectivity and dynamics of diverse chromatin modifications in cancer and gene control.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank D. Trono for the gift of lentiviral vectors; T. van Dijk for advice on lentiviral procedures; Parham Solaimani for the Brg1 knockdown experiment, and J. Svejstrup, R. Vries, S. Philipsen, and A. Bracken for valuable comments on the manuscript.

This study was supported by grants from the Dutch Cancer Society KWF (EMCR2006-3583) and NWO Chemical Sciences (TOP700.52.312) to C.P.V.