Proteasome Activity Modulates Chromatin Modifications and RNA Polymerase II Phosphorylation To Enhance Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Transcription

Abstract

The 26S proteasome modulates steroid hormone receptor-dependent gene transcription at least in part by regulating turnover and recycling of receptor/transcriptional DNA complexes, thereby ensuring continued hormone response. For the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), inhibition of proteasome-mediated proteolysis or RNA interference-mediated depletion of specific proteasome subunits results in an increase in gene expression. To facilitate transcription, proteasome inhibition alters at least two features associated with modification of chromatin architecture and gene transcription. First, proteasome inhibition increases trimethyl histone H3K4 levels with a corresponding accumulation of this modification on GR-regulated promoters in vivo. Secondly, global levels of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) increase, together with hormone-dependent association of the phosphorylated Pol II, with the promoter and the body of the activated gene. We propose that apart from modulating receptor turnover, the proteasome directly influences both the transcription machinery and chromatin structure, factors integral to nuclear receptor-regulated gene transcription.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

We thank Sayura Aoyagi, Deborah Greer, and Paul Wade for helpful comments and Jennifer Collins and Sherry Grissom for performing microarray experiments reported in the supplemental material.

This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIH and NIEHS.