Identification of Sequences in c-myc mRNA That Regulate Its Steady-State Levels

Abstract

The level of cellular myc proto-oncogene expression is rapidly regulated in response to environmental signals and influences cell proliferation and differentiation. Regulation is dependent on the fast turnover of c-myc mRNA, which enables cells to rapidly alter c-myc mRNA levels. Efforts to identify elements in myc mRNA responsible for its instability have used a variety of approaches, all of which require manipulations that perturb normal cell metabolism. These various approaches have implicated different regions of the mRNA and have led to a lack of consensus over which regions actually dictate rapid turnover and low steady-state levels of c-myc mRNA. To identify these regions by an approach that does not perturb cell metabolism acutely and that directly assesses the effect of a c-myc mRNA region on the steady-state levels of c-myc mRNA, we developed an assay using reverse transcription and PCR to compare the steady-state levels of human myc mRNAs transcribed from two similarly constructed myc genes transiently cotransfected into proliferating C2C12 myoblasts. Deletion mutations were introduced into myc genes, and the levels of their mRNAs were compared with that of a near-normal, reference myc mRNA. Deletion of most of the myc 3′ untranslated region (UTR) raised myc mRNA levels, while deletion of sequences in the myc 5′ UTR (most of exon 1), exon 2, or the protein-coding region of exon 3 did not, thus demonstrating that the 3′ UTR is responsible for keeping myc mRNA levels low. Using a similar reverse transcription-PCR assay for comparing the steady-state levels of two β-globin–myc fusion mRNAs, we showed that fusion of the myc 3′ UTR lowers globin mRNA levels by destabilizing β-globin mRNA. Surprisingly, fusion of the protein-coding region of myc exon 3 also lowered globin mRNA steady-state levels. Investigating the possibility that exon 3 coding sequences may play some other role in regulating c-myc mRNA turnover, we demonstrated that these sequences, but not myc 3′ UTR sequences, are necessary for the normal posttranscriptional downregulation of c-myc mRNA during myoblast differentiation. We conclude that, while two elements within c-myc mRNA can act as instability determinants in a heterologous context, only the instability element in the 3′ UTR regulates its steady-state levels in proliferating C2C12 cells.