Inactivation of p16 in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells by CpG Island Methylation

ABSTRACT

Proliferation of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) is limited to a few passages in culture due to an arrest in G₁ termed selection or mortality stage 0, M0. A small number of cells spontaneously escape M0, continue to proliferate in culture, and then enter a second mortality stage, M1, at which they senesce. Evidence that M0 involves the Rb pathway comes from the observation that expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 alleviates the M0 proliferation block, and we further show that the Rb-binding region of E7 is required to allow cells to bypass M0. In contrast, E6 does not prevent HMEC from entering M0 but, rather, is involved in M1 bypass. Here we show that inactivation of the D-type cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16^INK4A is associated with escape from the M0 proliferation block. Early-passage HMEC express readily detectable amounts of p16 protein, whereas normal or E6-expressing HMEC that escaped M0 expressed markedly reduced amounts of p16 mRNA and protein. This initial reduction of p16 expression was associated with limited methylation of the p16 promoter region CpG island. At later passages, a further reduction in p16 expression occurred, accompanied by increased CpG island methylation. In contrast, reduction of p16 expression did not occur in E7-expressing HMEC that bypassed M0, due to inactivation of Rb. These observations in the E6-expressing HMEC correlate well with the finding that CpG island methylation is a mechanism of p16 inactivation in the development of human tumors, including breast cancer.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Ben Anderson for providing human breast tissue samples, Erik Espling for maintaining stocks of retroviruses, Jens Oliver Funk and Tohru Kiyono for helpful discussions and suggestions, the Biotech Center at FHCRC for sequencing analysis, the Image Analysis Laboratory at FHCRC for help in scanning and quantitation of blots, and Brian J. Reid for comments on the manuscript and interest in this work.

This work was supported by grant RO1 CA 64795 to D.A.G. and pilot project funds from The Seattle Breast Cancer Research Program, R21 CA66186 (principal investigator, D. B. Thomas), to D.A.G. and S.A.F. (both from NCI). The work done by D.J.W. and M.T.B. was carried out in the laboratory of Brian J. Reid and supported by RO1 CA61202, American Cancer Society grant EDT21i, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences Medical Scientist Training Program grant 5T32GM07266.