Molecular Mechanism Governing Heme Signaling in Yeast: a Higher-Order Complex Mediates Heme Regulation of the Transcriptional Activator HAP1

ABSTRACT

Apart from serving as a prosthetic group in globins and enzymes, heme is a key regulator controlling a wide range of molecular and cellular processes involved in oxygen sensing and utilization. To gain insights into molecular mechanisms of heme signaling and oxygen sensing in eukaryotes, we investigated the yeast heme-responsive transcriptional activator HAP1. HAP1 activity is regulated precisely and tightly by heme. Here we show that in the absence of heme, HAP1 forms a biochemically distinctive higher-order complex. Our data suggest that this complex contains HAP1 and four other cellular proteins including Hsp82 and Ydj1. The formation of this complex is directly correlated with HAP1 repression in the absence of heme, and mutational or heme disruption of the complex correlates with HAP1 activation, suggesting that this complex is responsible for heme regulation of HAP1 activity. Further, we determined HAP1 domains required for heme regulation: three domains—the dimerization domain, the heme domain, and the HRM7 (heme-responsive motif 7) domain—cooperate to form the higher-order complex and mediate heme regulation. Strikingly, we uncovered a novel function for the HAP1 dimerization domain: it not only allows dimerization but also provides critical functions in heme regulation and transcriptional activation. Our studies provide significant insights into the molecular events leading to heme activation of HAP1 and may shed light on molecular mechanisms of various heme-controlled biological processes in diverse organisms.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank W. Jelinek, T. Hon, and A. Murashov for critical reading of the manuscript, S. Lindquist, A. J. Caplan, and R. J. Trumbly for providing antiserum and yeast strains, and M. Haldi, B. Turcotte, and B. Pina for providing strains and plasmids. We also thank D. Tamalis for assistance in preparation of extracts and protein analysis. We are grateful to L. Guarente for supporting the generation of antiserum against GST-HAP1 and stimulating discussions in the course of this study.

This work was supported by grants from NSF (MCB-96174720) and NIH (GM53453) to L.Z.