Distinct Roles of RAG1 and RAG2 in Binding the V(D)J Recombination Signal Sequences

ABSTRACT

The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins initiate V(D)J recombination by introducing double-strand breaks at the border between a recombination signal sequence (RSS) and a coding segment. To understand the distinct functions of RAG1 and RAG2 in signal recognition, we have compared the DNA binding activities of RAG1 alone and RAG1 plus RAG2 by gel retardation and footprinting analyses. RAG1 exhibits only a three- to fivefold preference for binding DNA containing an RSS over random sequence DNA. Although direct binding of RAG2 by itself was not detected, the presence of both RAG1 and RAG2 results in the formation of a RAG1-RAG2-DNA complex which is more stable and more specific than the RAG1-DNA complex and is active in V(D)J cleavage. These results suggest that biologically effective discrimination between an RSS and nonspecific sequences requires both RAG1 and RAG2. Unlike the binding of RAG1 plus RAG2, RAG1 can bind to DNA in the absence of a divalent metal ion and does not require the presence of coding flank sequence. Footprinting of the RAG1-RAG2 complex with 1,10-phenanthroline-copper and dimethyl sulfate protection reveal that both the heptamer and the nonamer are involved. The nonamer is protected, with extensive protein contacts within the minor groove. Conversely, the heptamer is rendered more accessible to chemical attack, suggesting that binding of RAG1 plus RAG2 distorts the DNA near the coding/signal border.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Cynthia Mundy, Heather Hunt, and Rhonda Feinbaum for generating the RAG1 mutant viruses and to Hui Su for excellent technical assistance. We thank Robert Kingston, Katsuya Shigesada, Kevin Struhl, and members of the Oettinger Lab for helpful discussion and critical reading of the manuscript.

This work was supported by the Uehara Memorial Foundation (Y.A.) and by National Institutes of Health grant GM48026, the Leukemia Society Scholars Program, the Pew Scholars Program, and Hoechst AG.