NDD1, a High-Dosage Suppressor of cdc28-1N, Is Essential for Expression of a Subset of Late-S-Phase-Specific Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

cdc28-1N mutants progress through the G₁and S phases normally at the restrictive temperature but fail to undergo nuclear division. We have isolated a gene, NDD1, which at a high dosage suppresses the nuclear-division defect of cdc28-1N. NDD1 (nuclear division defective) is an essential gene. Its expression during the cell cycle is tightly regulated such that NDD1 RNA is most abundant during the S phase. Cells lacking the NDD1 gene arrest with an elongated bud, a short mitotic spindle, 2N DNA content, and an undivided nucleus, suggesting that its function is required for some aspect of nuclear division. We show that overexpression of Ndd1 results in the upregulation of both CLB1 and CLB2 transcription, suggesting that the suppression of cdc28-1N by NDD1 may be due to an accumulation of these cyclins. Overproduction of Ndd1 also enhances the expression of SWI5, whose transcription, like that of CLB1 and CLB2, is activated in the late S phase. Ndd1 is essential for the expression of CLB1,CLB2, and SWI5, since none of these genes are transcribed in its absence. Both CLB2 expression and its upregulation by NDD1 are mediated by a 240-bp promoter sequence that contains four MCM1-binding sites. However, Ndd1 does not appear to be a component of any of the protein complexes assembled on this DNA fragment, as indicated by gel mobility shift assays. Instead, overexpression of NDD1 prevents the formation of one of the complexes whose appearance correlates with the termination of CLB2 expression in G₁. The inability of GAL1 promoter-driven CLB2 to suppress the lethality of NDD1 null mutant suggests that, in addition to CLB1 and CLB2, NDD1may also be required for the transcription of other genes whose functions are necessary for G₂/M transition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Kim Nasmyth, in whose laboratory the plasmid containing NDD1 was first isolated by U.S. We are grateful to Gustav Ammerer for various strains, anti-Mcm1 antibodies, suggestions, and fruitful discussions.

This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Board, Singapore.