Functional Interaction between the Coactivator Drosophila CREB-Binding Protein and ASH1, a Member of the Trithorax Group of Chromatin Modifiers

Abstract

CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a coactivator for multiple transcription factors that transduce a variety of signaling pathways. Current models propose that CBP enhances gene expression by bridging the signal-responsive transcription factors with components of the basal transcriptional machinery and by augmenting the access of transcription factors to DNA through the acetylation of histones. To define the pathways and proteins that require CBP function in a living organism, we have begun a genetic analysis of CBP in flies. We have overproduced Drosophila melanogaster CBP (dCBP) in a variety of cell types and obtained distinct adult phenotypes. We used an uninflated-wing phenotype, caused by the overexpression of dCBP in specific central nervous system cells, to screen for suppressors of dCBP overactivity. Two genes with mutant versions that act as dominant suppressors of the wing phenotype were identified: the PKA-C1/DCO gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP protein kinase, and ash1, a member of the trithorax group (trxG) of chromatin modifiers. Using immunocolocalization, we showed that the ASH1 protein is specifically expressed in the majority of the dCBP-overexpressing cells, suggesting that these proteins have the potential to interact biochemically. This model was confirmed by the findings that the proteins interact strongly in vitro and colocalize at specific sites on polytene chromosomes. The trxG proteins are thought to maintain gene expression during development by creating domains of open chromatin structure. Our results thus implicate a second class of chromatin-associated proteins in mediating dCBP function and imply that dCBP might be involved in the regulation of higher-order chromatin structure.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank A. Shearn for the ash1 and ash2mutants, ash1 cDNA, and ASH1 antibody; we are grateful to J. Lundblad for the E1A and RG2.E1A proteins. We also thank D. Kalderon for the Pka mutant and transgenic flies; C. O'Kane and A. Brand for GAL4 lines; G. Rubin for the GMR-GAL4 line; J. Roote for the pk-sple³³ pr cn/T(2;3)SM6.TM6B,Tb balancer chromosome strain; and R. Hewes and P. Taghert for GAL4 lines, the FMRFamide, and PHM antibodies and for sharing unpublished information. We also thank the Bloomington and the Umea Drosophila Stock Centers for providing numerous stocks. We are very grateful to A. Snyder (MMI department, OHSU, and the Oregon Hearing Research Center) for confocal analysis.

This work was partly supported by grants from the Association pour la Recherche contre le Cancer and the National Institutes of Health (DK4Y239).