The 3′ Untranslated Region of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha mRNA Is a Target of the mRNA-Stabilizing Factor HuR

Abstract

Posttranscriptional regulation is important for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in monocytes and macrophages, and an AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of TNF-α mRNA is implicated in control of its translation and mRNA stability. Regulation of mRNA turnover is thought to be mediated bytrans-acting proteins, which bind the ARE and stabilize or destabilize the transcript. However, with the exception of the destabilizing factor tristetraprolin, the identity and function of the proteins binding the TNF-α mRNA ARE have not been established. To identify other proteins involved in the posttranscriptional control of TNF-α, the subcellular location of TNF-α mRNA was determined in the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. TNF-α mRNA was located in the pellet following centrifugation of cytoplasm at 100,000 ×g (P100 fraction). This fraction also contained proteins which formed two distinct ARE-specific complexes with the TNF-α mRNA 3′ UTR in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). A protein present in these two complexes was purified and identified by peptide mass mapping and tandem mass spectrometry as HuR. In EMSAs both complexes were supershifted by an anti-HuR antibody, while Western blotting also demonstrated the presence of HuR in the P100 extract. A HeLa cell tetracycline-regulated reporter system was used to determine the effect of HuR on mRNA stability. In this system, overexpression of HuR resulted in stabilization of an otherwise unstable reporter-mRNA containing the TNF-α ARE. These results demonstrate that the TNF-α ARE is a target of the mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge support from the Medical Research Council, Arthritis Research Campaign, and Wellcome Trust.

We are extremely grateful to A. Shakov, A.-B. Shyu, J. Steitz, and H. Furneaux for providing reagents and to P. Anderson for sharing unpublished data with us.