The Cbk1p Pathway Is Important for Polarized Cell Growth and Cell Separation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

During the early stages of budding, cell wall remodeling and polarized secretion are concentrated at the bud tip (apical growth). The CBK1 gene, encoding a putative serine/threonine protein kinase, was identified in a screen designed to isolate mutations that affect apical growth. Analysis of cbk1Δ cells reveals that Cbk1p is required for efficient apical growth, proper mating projection morphology, bipolar bud site selection in diploid cells, and cell separation. Epitope-tagged Cbk1p localizes to both sides of the bud neck in late anaphase, just prior to cell separation.CBK1 and another gene, HYM1, were previously identified in a screen for genes involved in transcriptional repression and proposed to function in the same pathway. Deletion ofHYM1 causes phenotypes similar to those observed in cbk1Δ cells and disrupts the bud neck localization of Cbk1p. Whole-genome transcriptional analysis of cbk1Δsuggests that the kinase regulates the expression of a number of genes with cell wall-related functions, including two genes required for efficient cell separation: the chitinase-encoding gene CTS1and the glucanase-encoding gene SCW11. The Ace2p transcription factor is required for expression of CTS1 and has been shown to physically interact with Cbk1p. Analysis oface2Δ cells reveals that Ace2p is required for cell separation but not for polarized growth. Our results suggest that Cbk1p and Hym1p function to regulate two distinct cell morphogenesis pathways: an ACE2-independent pathway that is required for efficient apical growth and mating projection formation and anACE2-dependent pathway that is required for efficient cell separation following cytokinesis. Cbk1p is most closely related to the Neurospora crassa Cot-1; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Orb6; Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and human Ndr; and Drosophila and mammalian WARTS/LATS kinases. Many Cbk1-related kinases have been shown to regulate cellular morphology.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The first two authors contributed equally to this work.

We thank K. McDonald for assistance with the preparation of samples for electron microscopy, J. DeRisi for providing yeast genomic DNA arrays, J. Thorner for providing a FUS1-lacZ reporter construct, W. Racki and C. Herbert for communication of results prior to publication, and B. Manning, C. Horak, J. Hanrahan, R. Stewart, and G. Michaud for critical reading of the manuscript.

This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants GM36494 to M.S. and GM50399 to D.G.D. S.B. was supported by a National Institutes of Health training grant. E.L.W. was supported by an American Cancer Society postdoctoral fellowship.