Chromatin Inactivation Precedes De Novo DNA Methylation during the Progressive Epigenetic Silencing of the RASSF1A Promoter

Abstract

Epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor by CpG island methylation was frequently detected in cancer. However, the mechanisms of this aberrant DNA methylation are unknown. In the RASSF1A promoter, we characterized four Sp1 sites, which are frequently methylated in cancer. We examined the functional relationship between DNA methylation, histone modification, Sp1 binding, and RASSF1A expression in proliferating human mammary epithelial cells. With increasing passages, the transcription of RASSF1A was dramatically silenced. This inactivation was associated with deacetylation and lysine 9 trimethylation of histone H3 and an impaired binding of Sp1 at the RASSF1A promoter. In mammary epithelial cells that had overcome a stress-associated senescence barrier, a spreading of DNA methylation in the CpG island promoter was observed. When the RASSF1A-silenced cells were treated with inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase, binding of Sp1 and expression of RASSF1A reoccurred. In summary, we observed that histone H3 deacetylation and H3 lysine 9 trimethylation occur in the same time window as gene inactivation and precede DNA methylation. Our data suggest that in epithelial cells, histone inactivation may trigger de novo DNA methylation of the RASSF1A promoter and this system may serve as a model for CpG island inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mcb.asm.org/.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Gerd P. Pfeifer for helpful suggestions and Christel Trümpler for technical support.

This work was supported by grants DE-AC03-76SF00098 and DAMD17-02-1-0443 to M.R.S. and by grants from BMBF (FKZ01ZZ0104), Land Sachsen Anhalt, and DFG (DA-552/1) to R.D.