Condensin Binding at Distinct and Specific Chromosomal Sites in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome

Abstract

Mitotic chromosome condensation is chiefly driven by the condensin complex. The specific recognition (targeting) of chromosomal sites by condensin is an important component of its in vivo activity. We previously identified the rRNA gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an important condensin-binding site, but both genetic and cell biology data suggested that condensin also acts elsewhere. In order to characterize the genomic distribution of condensin-binding sites and to assess the specificity of condensin targeting, we analyzed condensin-bound sites using chromatin immunoprecipitation and hybridization to whole-genome microarrays. The genomic condensin-binding map shows preferential binding sites over the length of every chromosome. This analysis and quantitative PCR validation confirmed condensin-occupied sites across the genome and in the specialized chromatin regions: near centromeres and telomeres and in heterochromatic regions. Condensin sites were also enriched in the zones of converging DNA replication. Comparison of condensin binding in cells arrested in G₁ and mitosis revealed a cell cycle dependence of condensin binding at some sites. In mitotic cells, condensin was depleted at some sites while enriched at rRNA gene cluster, subtelomeric, and pericentromeric regions.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mcb.asm.org/.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank J. Gerton, Joseph DeRisi, and D. Koshland for invaluable advice and sharing unpublished information and A. Hinnebusch, R. Kamakaka, and N. Dhillon for helpful discussion and comments on the manuscript.