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Abstract
Solutions of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) in different organic solvents are commonly employed in the footwear industry to improve the adhesion of SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) rubber soles to polyurethane adhesive. To avoid the use of organic solvents in the chlorinating solutions, several water-based chlorinating treatments were investigated in this study: (i) inorganic chlorine compounds (HCl-acidified sodium hypochlorite solution; free active chlorine (FAC) = 47.8 g/l); (ii) organic chlorine donors (aqueous solution of 3 wt% TCI/H2O, and ethanol solutions of 3 wt% HD (1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoine), or NCS (N-chlorosuccinimide); (iii) organic chlorine donor salts (aqueous solutions containing 3 wt% DCI (sodium dichloro isocyanurate), CB (chloramine B, N-chloro-sodium-phenylsulphenamide), or CT (chloramine T, N-chloro-sodium-p-toluenesulphenamide). The surface modifications produced by treatment of SBS rubber with the aqueous chlorinating agents were compared with those obtained by using the current solvent-based chlorinating treatment (3 wt% TCI/MEK). The FAC concentration and the chlorine stability in the solutions were determined by iodine titration, and the SBS rubber surface pH was determined with a flat pH probe. The surface modifications on the SBS rubber were analyzed by ATR-IR spectroscopy, XPS, contact-angle measurements and SEM. The adhesion properties were evaluated by T-peel strength tests on treated SBS rubber/waterborne polyurethane adhesive/roughened leather joints. The failed surfaces obtained after peel tests were analyzed by ATR-IR spectroscopy to precisely assess the locus of failure of the adhesive joints. The nature of the modifications produced on the SBS rubber surface depended on the chlorinating system used, the SBS rubber surface pH value, and the free active chlorine concentration of the chlorinating solution. The most effective chlorinating agents were TCI/H2O and HD/EtOH, but they were not stable over time due to quick chlorine evolution. Treatment with NaClO/HCl and DCI/H2O provided acceptable adhesive strength values although there was fast chlorine evolution in the NaClO/HCl solution; the free active chlorine concentration in the DCI/H2O solution was stable for at least 4 days after preparation. Finally, the treatment with NCS/EtOH, CB/H2O and CT/H2O did not chemically modify the SBS rubber surface, so the adhesion to polyurethane adhesive was not improved.