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Original Articles

Periodo de adaptación escolar: descripción del proceso y su supuesta universalidad cuando los menores ingresan a los 3 años

School adaptation period: Process description and alleged universality of children's schooling at 3 years of age

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Pages 27-41 | Received 01 Oct 2002, Accepted 01 Sep 2003, Published online: 23 Jan 2014
 

Resumen

El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar el proceso que los menores hacen a lo largo del llamado periodo de adaptación al medio escolar, cuando realizan su ingreso a los tres años, inicio del segundo ciclo infantil. Para resolver algunos de los problemas pendientes, hemos realizado un estudio longitudinal, desde antes del ingreso en el centro infantil, hasta el momento en que la mayoría de los niños y niñas se han adaptado y, finalmente, unos meses después, aunque en este primer trabajo nos centramos en la descripción del proceso de adaptación durante las cuatro primeras semanas de asistencia al centro. El número de menores estudiados ha sido de 163, de los cuales 88 eran niños (54%) y 75 niñas (46%), procedentes de cinco centros infantiles, tres centros de Salamanca y dos centros de Valencia. La edad de los menores era, en el momento del ingreso, de 39,59 meses. Estudiamos su proceso de adaptación con medidas, referidas a su estado emocional y sus conductas en aula, con la familia y con los maestras, usando como fuentes de información a los padres, las maestras y los propios menores, antes del ingreso, durante el proceso de adaptación y tres meses después. Centrándonos en los resultados referidos a la descripción del proceso de adaptación, se demuestra que la mayor parte de los niños y niñas no manifiestan cambios significativos, por lo que habría que descartar la idea de que el proceso de adaptación es necesariamente traumático y universal, como se creía. Pero no se puede olvidar que, para aproximadamente un tercio, el ingreso supone un costo emocional y social; y que en torno al 10% no acaba adaptándose adecuadamente.

Abstract

The process undergone by children during what is known as the school adaptation period, when they start school at the age of three to begin the second childhood education cycle, is the aim of this study. A longitudinal study was undertaken. It was designed to start before the children's actual schooling and last until it was considered most were adapted to school. They were then seen again a few months later. The present paper describes the children's adaptation process during their first weeks at school. 163 children, 88 boys (57%) and 75 girls (46%), from five infant schools—three in Salamanca and two in Valencia—participated in the study. Their mean age at the time of schooling was 39.59 months. The study measures evaluated the children's emotional state, their behaviour in the classroom, in the family and with teachers. Parents, teachers and the children themselves were used as sources of information at the three stages of data gathering: prior to the children's schooling, during the adaptation process, and three months after starting school. The results on the children's school adaptation process show that no significant changes were observed in most boys and girls. They do not support the notion that adaptation is necessarily traumatic and universal, as previously held. However, for approximately one third of the children, going to school represents an emotional and social cost, and approximately 10% never quite fully adapt.

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