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Original Articles

Memoria operativa e inteligencia. Un estudio evolutivo

Working memory and intelligence. A developmental study

Pages 25-38 | Received 01 Feb 2004, Accepted 01 Sep 2004, Published online: 23 Jan 2014
 

Resumen

En el presente trabajo se comparan dos pruebas de memoria operativa: la Prueba de Amplitud Lectora de Elosúa, Gutiérrez, García Madruga, Luque y Gárate (1996; versión española del Reading Span Test de Daneman y Carpenter, 1980) y la más reciente Prueba de Analogías Verbales (García Madruga, Gutiérrez, Carriedo, Luzón y Vila, en prensa). Se estudia su capacidad predictiva con respecto a la inteligencia, evaluada con la batería de aptitudes BADYG, y el rendimiento académico, obtenido de las calificaciones de los sujetos. Con este fin, se realiza un estudio transversal comparando una muestra de 60 alumnos de segundo y cuarto curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, con 13,2 y 15,7 años de media respectivamente. Se encontraron incrementos con la edad en todas las medidas, así como correlaciones positivas y significativas entre las diferentes medidas de memoria operativa, la inteligencia y el rendimiento académico en ambos grupos de edad. La Prueba de Analogías Verbales, debido a su mayor demanda de procesamiento, predijo mejor que la Prueba de Amplitud Lectora las puntuaciones en inteligencia y rendimiento académico y se convierte en una herramienta muy útil para el estudio de la memoria operativa en el futuro.

Abstract

Two working memory tests are compared: the Spanish version of the classic Reading Span Test by Daneman & Carpenter (1980) developed by Elosúa, Gutiérrez, García Madruga, Luque, and Gárate (1996), and the more recent Verbal Analogy Test (García Madruga, Gutiérrez, Carriedo, Luzón, and Vila, in press). The study analyses their predictive power on intelligence—assessed with the BADYG aptitude test battery—and academic achievement—obtained from subjects' qualifications. A cross-sectional study compared 60 students from second and fourth year of compulsory secondary education, with an average age of 13,2 and 15,7 years, respectively. The results showed that all measures increased with age. Moreover, significant positive correlations were found between measures of working memory, intelligence and academic achievement at both ages. The Verbal Analogy Test, due to its higher load on processing demands, was a better predictor of intelligence and academic achievement than the Reading Span Test. It is concluded that it is a very useful tool for future research on working memory.

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