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Original Articles

Memoria operativa, comprensión lectora, inteligencia y rendimiento escolar. Predominio del componente “fluido” en las medidas de memoria operativa

Working memory, reading comprehension, intelligence and school achievement. Prevalence of the “fluid” component in working memory measures

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Pages 465-479 | Published online: 23 Jan 2014
 

Resumen

Las medidas de “Memoria Operativa” (MO) constituyen buenos predictores del rendimiento escolar, hasta el punto de haberse equiparado a este respecto con las medidas de inteligencia. Sin embargo, aún no está claro si las relaciones existentes entre ambos constructos y su común capacidad predictiva del rendimiento, se apoyan o no en los mismos procesos de base. Con el fin de explorar la fuente de estas relaciones, en este trabajo examinamos la capacidad predictiva de dos medidas de MO respecto a tres diferentes criterios (comprensión lectora, inteligencia general y rendimiento académico) en una muestra de escolares de la ESO. Los resultados apoyan la idea de que las medidas de MO inciden predominantemente en capacidades relativas al control ejecutivo-atencional de las tareas y que este tipo de componente “fluido”, es la base de la relación existente entre inteligencia y MO como predictores del rendimiento. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, los resultados sugieren la intervención de otro tipo de capacidades—de base representacional y ligadas al acceso y manejo del conocimiento previo—, que son mejor reflejadas por la medida de comprensión lectora.

Abstract

Working Memory (WM) measures are good predictors of academic achievement, to the extent that it has been compared in this regard with measures of intelligence. However, it remains unclear whether the existing relationship between both constructs and their common predictive power of academic performance rest or not on the same basic processes. To explore the source of these relationships, this study examined the predictive power of two WM measures on three different criteria (reading comprehension, general intelligence and academic performance) in a sample of secondary school students. The results support the idea that WM measures predominantly reflect executive-attentional control abilities, and that this type of “fluid” component is the basis of the existing relationship between intelligence and WM as predictors of school achievement. At the same time, however, the results suggest the involvement of other capacities—representational in nature and linked to the access and use of prior knowledge—which are better reflected by the reading comprehension measure.

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