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Culture and Education
Cultura y Educación
Volume 15, 2003 - Issue 4
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Original Articles

El uso de esquemas figurativos para ayudar a resolver problemas aritméticos

Using figurative diagrams in arithmetic problem solving

Pages 385-397 | Received 01 Sep 2003, Accepted 01 Dec 2003, Published online: 23 Jan 2014
 

Resumen

Los alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje presentan, en ocasiones, déficits en matemáticas, especialmente en el área de resolución de problemas. Parece bien establecido que los niveles de resolución de problemas son significativamente más bajos en los alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje. Los programas instruccionales diseñados para la mejora del aprendizaje en resolución de problemas aritméticos han establecido la importancia de incorporar en el entrenamiento estrategias de dominio de conceptos y tareas de planificación. Aunque se hace una revisión de aquellos procedimientos que utilizan pensamiento estratégico como herramienta instruccional, se expone con más detalle un programa instruccional ya contrastado para ayudar a resolver problemas aritméticos dentro del modelo mixto cognitivo comportamental. El procedimiento permite desarrollar el pensamiento estratégico de los alumnos/as y utiliza tanto dispositivos de respuesta con feedback directo, como aprendizaje de representación gráfica de los componentes del problema. Tras exponer los fundamentos del programa y sus aspectos más prácticos, se especifican las implicaciones educativas más significativas de su uso en entornos de educación primaria.

Abstract

Students with learning difficulties are at times low achievers in mathematics, especially in problem solving. Indeed, it seems well established that problem solving performance is significantly lower in these students. Instructional programmes designed to improve arithmetic problem solving have established the importance of training students on mastery of concepts and planning strategies. First, procedures using strategic thought as an instructional tool are reviewed. Then, we describe in some detail an instructional programme that teaches arithmetic problem solving strategies using a cognitive-behavioural model The programme seeks to develop students' strategic thought through response mechanisms with momentary feedback and learning the graphic representation of problems' components. After explaining the foundations of the training programme and its more functional characteristics, the most significant educational implications of its use in primary schools are describe.

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