Abstract
A NEW COUNTRYWIDE SURVEY of traditional medieval court sites in northern Britain, using place names, historical records and historic landscape analysis, has identified distinct archaeological characteristics of this widespread, though previously underexamined site type. Natural hills are revealed as the most common venue for local judicial gatherings in Scotland. Place names derived from Gaelic, Scots and English are utilised to illustrate that mounds and reused prehistoric monuments also acted as venues for court sites. Findings from several recent studies have illustrated rich and comparable traditions of legal assembly for Anglo-Saxon England, early Gaelic Ireland and Viking-Age Scandinavia. In the light of these the Scottish sites presented in this article are considered in terms of legal assembly practices derived from the late 1st millennium ad. Evidence for the continued use of court sites into the high medieval period is also discussed.
Résumé
Une nouvelle étude d’envergure nationale portant sur les sites médiévaux de tribunaux traditionnels dans le nord de la Grande-Bretagne, réalisée à partir de leur désignation toponymique, de documents historiques et de l’analyse du paysage historique, a permis d’identifier des caractéristiques archéologiques distinctes de ce type de site, peu examiné jusqu’ici bien que répandu. Elle révèle que les collines naturelles sont le lieu de rassemblements locaux le plus communément utilisé pour rendre la justice en Écosse. Les désignations toponymiques dérivées du gaélique, de l’écossais et de l’anglais servent à illustrer que les buttes et monuments préhistoriques réutilisés étaient également le siège de tribunaux. Les résultats de plusieurs études récentes ont mis en évidence des traditions riches et comparables d’assemblées judiciaires dans l’Angleterre anglo-saxonne, en Irlande au début de la période gaélique et en Scandinavie à l’âge des Vikings. En se basant sur ces dernières études, les sites écossais présentés dans cet article sont examinés dans le contexte des pratiques d’assemblée judiciaire provenant de la fin du premier millénaire. Des éléments montrant que les sites judiciaires étaient toujours en usage au Haut Moyen Âge sont également évoqués.
Zusammenfassung
Eine neue landesweite Untersuchung traditioneller mittelalterliche Gerichtsstätten in Nordbritannien anhand von Ortsnamen, historischen Aufzeichnungen und historischer Landschaftsanalyse hat ausgeprägte archäologische Merkmale dieses weit verbreiteten, wenn auch bisher nicht ausreichend untersuchten Stättentypus’ identifiziert. Natürliche Anhöhen werden als häufigste Stätten für örtliche gerichtliche Versammlungen in Schottland aufgezeigt. Aus dem Gälischen, dem Scots und dem Englischen abgeleitete Ortsnamen wurden benutzt, um zu illustrieren, dass Anhöhen und wiederbenutzte historische Denkmäler auch als Gerichtsstätten fungierten. Die Ergebnisse verschiedener neuerer Studien haben reiche und vergleichbare Traditionen für gerichtliche Versammlungen im angelsächsischen England, im frühen gälischen Irland und im Skandinavien der Wikingerzeit aufgezeigt. Angesichts dieser Traditionen wird vermutet, dass die in diesem Artikel präsentierten schottischen Stätten im Zusammenhang mit den Praktiken der gerichtlichen Versammlungen des späten ersten Jahrtausends stehen. Es werden auch Belege für die fortgesetzte Nutzung der Gerichtsstätten bis ins Hochmittelalter diskutiert.
Riassunto
Attraverso una nuova indagine, estesa a tutto il paese, sui siti dei tradizionali tribunali medievali nella Gran Bretagna settentrionale, ricorrendo alla toponomastica, ai documenti storici e all’analisi del paesaggio, si sono identificate nette caratteristiche archeologiche nella tipologia dei siti che, pur essendo diffusa, non era stata finora sufficientemente esaminata. In Scozia le colline naturali si sono rivelate come il luogo più comune per le assemblee dei tribunali locali. Nomi di luoghi, derivati dal gaelico, dallo scozzese e dall’inglese sono usati per spiegare che anche le alture e i monumenti preistorici riutilizzati svolsero la funzione di sedi delle assemblee dei tribunali. Le conclusioni di diversi studi recenti hanno illustrato analoghe e abbondanti tradizioni di assemblee giudiziarie nell’Inghilterra anglosassone, nell’Irlanda gaelica e nella Scandinavia di epoca vichinga. Alla luce di questi studi i siti scozzesi presentati in questo articolo vengono considerati in termini di pratiche di assemblee legali derivate dal tardo primo millennio. Si discute inoltre delle testimonianze sull’uso continuato dei siti dei tribunali fino all’alto medioevo.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The majority of the research for this article was undertaken during study for the author’s doctoral degree, which was supported by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council. Thanks go to Simon Taylor for kindly allowing the author to read his forthcoming paper about Cowden and Coldon place names. The author also wishes to thank John O’Grady for commenting on a draft of this article.
Notes
1 Affiliate staff member, Centre for Open Studies, University of Glasgow, St Andrew’s Building, 11 Eldon Street, Glasgow G3 6NH, UK. Oliver.O’[email protected]
2 Pantos and Semple Citation2004; The Assembly Project (University of Oslo); Landscapes of Governance Project (University College London); The THING Project; The Óenach Project (University College Cork).
14 Ibid, 213, 224, 236, 282, n 922; 2012 218, 223–5.
15 Ibid, 224, n 63, 235–6, 282, n 922, 282–3, 285; 2011, 221; 2012, 223–5, 230.
29 Nos 15, 21, 37, 43, 58.
35 Hall and Campbell Citation2011, 153; Treasure Trove Scotland case nos TT 161.09 and TT36/06.
40 Nos 1, 5, 19, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 44, 47, 56.
43 Nos 1, 5, 8, 13, 19, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 40, 41, 46, 52.
48 Old Gaelic tulach / tilach from the root tu, ‘swell’; MacBain Citation1911.
50 National Archives of Scotland no GD430/129; RCAHMS Citation1979, 9, no 29.
64 Simon Taylor, pers comm.
84 Den of Tulloch in the parish of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire: hosts the remains of St Mary’s chapel and Lady’s well, a spring visited by local people until the 19th century.
85 In the upland medieval parish of Navar in Angus are various place names derived from tulach. It may be significant that the place name Navar derives from Celtic nemeton, suggesting a possible link to ancient assemblies or a sanctuary, see Watson Citation1926, 247.
86 Further north in Ross and Cromarty, Tullich farm is west of Hilton of Cadboll, site of a chapel and the well-known Pictish cross slab. Tillytarmont, Tulach an Tearmaind meaning ‘hill of the termon’, is on the border between Aberdeenshire and Morayshire, where four Pictish Class I symbol stones were discovered. Here the termon place name may again indicate the presence of a medieval church.
92 Anderson Citation1922, vol 1, 433, citing Fordun’s chronicle vol 4, 40.
93 Saint Moloc or Moluag died 592, Lismore; Simpson Citation1926.
123 1st edn OS 6inch map of Kirkcudbright 1854.
139 Nos 2–7, 12–13, 15, 17.
143 No 16; National Archives of Scotland no GD15/87 1747–85.
157 As attempted recently for Clydesdale, see Grant Citation2007.
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