409
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Emergence of Metallurgy in the Central Mediterranean Region: A New Model

L'apparition de la métallurgie dans la région de la Méditerranée centrale: un nouveau modèle

Das Entstehen der Metallurgie im zentralen Mittelmeerraum: Ein neues Modell

L'origine della metallurgia nel Mediterraneo centrale: un nuovo modello interpretativo

Pages 21-62 | Received 13 Mar 2012, Accepted 02 Jul 2012, Published online: 18 Jul 2013
 

Abstract

This study seeks to discuss the origins and early spread of metal technology in the central Mediterranean region. Neolithic and Copper Age evidence of metal-working and metal-using is first reviewed. It is claimed in particular that copper tools were first used, and probably also made, south of the Alps in the late Neolithic, and that complex polymetallic metallurgy developed in the early Copper Age after a short-lived intensification phase in the final Neolithic. In the second section, current models explaining the emergence of metallurgy in this region are then discussed, and a new proposal is put forward. This claims that metal technology, coming from eastern Europe, was imported into the whole of the east-central alpine region in the third quarter of the fifth millennium bc. Thence, it would have swiftly spread throughout northern Italy, central Italy, and Sardinia, and would have reached Corsica, southern Italy, and Sicily somewhat later. Finally, it is argued that the Copper Age metalworking communities dwelling in the western part of the central Mediterranean, and especially those located in west-central Italy, would have played a key role in transmitting knowledge of extractive metallurgy further west in the late fourth millennium bc.

Cet article cherche à examiner les origines et le début de la propagation de la technologie des métaux dans la région de la Méditerranée centrale. Dans la première partie on reconsidère les preuves documentant le travail et l'utilisation du métal datant du Néolithique et de l'Âge du Bronze. On affirme en particulier qu'au sud des Alpes les outils en cuivre étaient utilisés - et probablement également fabriqués - pour la première fois pendant le Néolithique tardif, et qu'une métallurgie polymétallique complexe s'est développée au début de l'Âge du Cuivre après une phase d'intensification de courte durée au Néolithique final. La deuxième partie consiste en une revue des modèles actuels expliquant l'apparition de la métallurgie dans cette région, et en la formulation d'une nouvelle proposition affirmant que la technologie du métal, en provenance de l'Europe de l'Est, fût importée dans l'ensemble des Alpes centrales-est durant le 3e quart du cinquième millénaire bc. De là elle se serait propagée rapidement à travers l'Italie du Nord, l'Italie centrale et la Sardaigne, et serait arrivée en Corse, en Italie du Sud et en Sicile peu après. Enfin on soutient que les communautés travaillant le métal et vivant dans la partie occidentale de la Méditerranée centrale, et plus précisément celles vivant en Italie centre-ouest, ont probablement joué un rôle majeur dans la transmission vers l'ouest du savoir de la métallurgie extractive vers la fin du 4e millénaire bc. Translation by Isabelle Gerges

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Herkunft und die frühe Verbreitung der Metalltechnologie im zentralen Mittelmeerraum. In einem ersten Teil werden neolithische und kupferzeitliche Belege von Metallbearbeitung und Metallnutzung überprüft. Es wird dabei insbesondere dargestellt, dass Kupferwerkzeuge südlich der Alpen im späten Neolithikum erstmalig verwendet und wahrscheinlich auch gefertigt wurden und dass sich eine komplexe polymetallische Metalltechnologie nach einer kurzen Intensivierungsphase im Endneolithikum in der frühen Kupferzeit entwickelte. In einem zweiten Abschnitt werden derzeitige Erklärungsmodelle zum Entstehen der Metallurgie in dieser Region untersucht und dann eine neue These entwickelt. Demnach wurde die Metalltechnologie, die aus Osteuropa stammte, im kompletten östlichen Zentralalpenraum im dritten Viertel des 5. Jt. v. Chr. eingeführt. Von dort verbreitete sie sich rasch nach Nord- und Zentralitalien sowie nach Sardinien und erreichte etwas später Korsika, Süditalien und Sizilien. Abschließend wird gezeigt, dass die kupferzeitlichen metallverarbeitenden Gemeinschaften, die im westlichen Teil des zentralen Mittelmeerraumes und dabei insbesondere im westlichen Zentralitalien siedelten, im späten 4. Jt. v. Chr. bei der Vermittlung von Wissen über extraktive Metallurgie nach Westen eine Schlüsselrolle spielten. Translation by Heiner Schwarzberg

Il presente contributo si propone di investigare l'origine e la più antica diffusione della metallurgia nel Mediterraneo centrale. Nella prima sezione si discutono i dati archeologici e cronologici circa la metallurgia Neolitica ed Eneolitica. Si propone in particolare che i primi manufatti in rame siano stati utilizzati – e probabilmente prodotti – già a partire dal Neolitico tardo, e che una compessa tradizione polimetallurgica si sia sviluppata localmente a partire dalla prima età del Rame. Nella seconda sezione si discutono i modelli correnti circa l'origine e la diffusione delle pratiche metallurgiche nel Mediterraneo centrale e si propone un modello alternativo, secondo il quale la metallurgia del rame, proveniente dall'Europa orientale, sarebbe stata trasmessa all'intera regione delle Alpi centro-orientali nel terzo quarto del V millennio a.C. Da qui si sarebbe diffusa rapidamente attraverso l'Italia centro-settentionale e la Sardegna, per raggiungere l'Italia meridionale, la Corsica e la Sicilia solo successivamente. Infine, il presente modello sostiene che le comunità Eneolitiche dell'Italia centrale costiera abbiano rivestito un ruolo di primo piano nel trasmettere al Midi francese le conoscenze e pratiche relative alla nuova tecnologia del rame alla fine del IV millennio a.C.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Mark Pearce and Ruth Whitehouse for giving me the opportunity to present this research at the workshop ‘Rethinking the Italian Neolithic’ (London, UCL, 26 May 2010), to Michael Kunst and Daniel Steiniger for inviting me to the conference Strategie Insediative e Metallurgia (Rome, Palazzo Massimo, 6–7 October 2011), and to Christian Strahm for discussing the ideas lying at the core of this paper. I am also indebted to Rachel Crellin, Chris Fowler, Ben Roberts and the anonymous reviewers of this journal for commenting upon earlier versions of this paper; to Thea Ravasi for her kind help with the images; and to Gilberto Artioli, Gian Luigi Carancini, Claudio Giardino, Franco Nicolis, Mark Pearce, and Paola Visentini for drawing my attention to relevant data and publications. It is understood that all opinions and errors are mine.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Andrea Dolfini

Andrea Dolfini is Lecturer in Later Prehistory at Newcastle University, UK, and Director of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Artefact Studies (CIAS) at Newcastle University. He is interested in the interactions between material culture and society in the prehistoric central Mediterranean. His current research projects are investigating the emergence of metal technology in this region, the function of prehistoric copper-alloy tools and weapons by means of use-wear analysis, and ancient settlement in the area of the Orbetello lagoon, an endangered coastal landscape in Tuscany.

Address: School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Armstrong Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. [email: [email protected]]

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

There are no offers available at the current time.

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.