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Articles

How Were Neolithic Ditches Filled In? Deposition Study of Two Enclosures from Bohemia

Comment étaient remplis les fossés néolithiques? Etude des dépôts dans deux enceintes bohêmes

Wie wurden die neolithischen Gräben verfüllt? Studien zur Ablagerung von Material in zwei Erdwerken in Böhmen

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Pages 579-601 | Received 17 Dec 2013, Accepted 09 Apr 2014, Published online: 06 Jun 2014
 

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyse the correlation between finds and ditches, the duration of ditch fills, and the manner of the demise of Late Neolithic rondels (Kreisgrabenanlagen) in the Czech Republic. Two comparable long-term projects are discussed here: Kolín (central Bohemia) and Vchynice (north-west Bohemia). Qualitative, quantitative, and spatial analyses of the different categories of finds (pottery fragments, lithics, daub, and faunal remains) from the ditch fills show that only finds from the bottom layers of the ditches were contemporary with the primary function of the rondels. However, the bottom layers often only contained a few artefacts. The richest parts of the ditches, the middle and upper layers, from both sites illustrated similar characteristics: after the rondels lost their primary function, the ditches were filled by both natural and cultural agents over a long period. As a consequence, some previous, and widely accepted, interpretations of the relationship between individual areas of rondels and their relationship with surrounding features, as well as the relationship of the finds from ditch fills to rondel function and chronology, need to be revisited.

Le but de cette étude est l'analyse de la corrélation entre trouvailles et fossés, la durée des remplissages et la fin des enceintes circulaires du Néolithique récent en République tchèque. Nous présentons ici deux projets à long terme comparables portant sur ces enceintes et qui sont actuellement menés en République tchèque, plus précisément à Kolín (Bohême centrale) et à Vchynice (Bohême du nord-ouest). Les analyses qualitatives, quantitatives et spatiales des différentes catégories de découvertes (tessons de poterie, objets lithiques, enduit et restes fauniens) provenant du remplissage des fossés montrent qu'uniquement les objets des couches inférieures étaient contemporains de la fonction première des enceintes. Néanmoins, ces couches inférieures ne contenaient souvent que quelques artefacts. Les couches les plus riches, c.àd. les couches moyennes et supérieures des fossés des deux sites présentent des caractéristiques similaires: après que les enceintes avaient perdu leur fonction primaire, les fossés étaient remplis au cours d'une longue période aussi bien par des agents naturels que culturels. En conséquence, il faut réexaminer plusieurs interprétations antérieures - largement acceptées - concernant les rapports entre des zones particulières des enceintes et leur relation avec leur environnement, de même que les liens des trouvailles provenant des remplissages des fossés avec la fonction et la chronologie des enceintes circulaires. Traslation by Isabelle Gerges.

Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist die Analyse der Korrelation zwischen Funden und Gräben, der Dauer von Verfüllungsprozessen und den Umständen des Endes neolithischer Rondelle (Kreisgrabenanlagen) in der Tschechischen Republik. Dort werden derzeit zwei miteinander vergleichbare Langzeitprojekte zu Rondellen durchgeführt, die an dieser Stelle diskutiert werden sollen: Kolín (Mittelböhmen) und Vchynice (Nordwestböhmen). Qualitative, quantitative und räumliche Analysen der verschiedenen Fundkategorien (Keramikfragmente, Steingeräte, Lehmbewurf und Tierknochen) aus den Grabenverfüllungen zeigen, dass nur die Funde der untersten Schichten der Gräben zeitgleich mit der primären Funktion der Rondelle waren. Allerdings enthielten diese tiefsten Straten oft nur wenige Artefakte. Die fundreichsten Abschnitte der Gräben, die mittleren und oberen Schichten, zeigten jeweils ähnliche Charakteristika: nachdem die Rondelle ihre primäre Funktion verloren hatten, wurden die Gräben über einen langen Zeitraum hinweg auf natürlichem Wege wie auch durch Menschhand verfüllt. Daraus folgt jedoch, dass verschiedene zuvor geäußerte und weithin akzeptierte Interpretationen der Beziehungen zwischen individuellen Bereichen der Rondelle sowie deren Verhältnis zu sie umgebenden Befunden wie auch der Beziehung der Funde aus den Grabenverfüllungen zur Funktion der Kreisgrabenanlage und ihrer Chronologie neu bewertet werden müssen. Translation by Heiner Schwarzberg.

Acknowledgements

This work was accomplished with support from the projects ‘Neolithic rondels from the perspective of micromorphological and formative analysis’, No. P405/11/1590, financed by the Czech Science Foundation.

Notes

1 All radiocarbon dates are quoted at the 95.4 per cent confidence level.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jaroslav Řídký

Since his doctoral thesis at the Department of Prehistory and Early History of Charles University in Prague, Jaroslav Řídký has been concerned with Late Neolithic settlement areas and the methodology of processing the settlement finds from large-scale surveys. His other research interests include the ceramics of the Stroked Pottery Culture and ground stone tools. In the period 2001–2003 he was employed as an archaeologist at the Museum of Central Bohemia in Roztoky, and since 2004 at the Prague Institute of Archaeology.

Address: Institute of Archaeology, Prague, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Letenská 4, 118 01 Praha 1 – Malá Strana, Czech Republic. [email: [email protected]]

Markéta Končelová

For her doctoral thesis, Markéta Končelová was involved in studying Late Neolithic settlement areas and in the processing of archaeological material from them. She has published several papers concerning the structure and development of Neolithic settlement areas. Her current research interests include Neolithic ceramics, and she has dealt with the spatial analyses of ceramic material from Early and Late Neolithic settlements. She has been employed at the Prague Institute of Archaeology since 2004.

Address: Institute of Archaeology, Prague, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Letenská 4, 118 01 Praha 1 – Malá Strana, Czech Republic. [email: [email protected]]

Radka Šumberová

Radka Šumberová is a member of staff in the Prague Institute of Archaeology and is the head of the Institute's office in Kutná Hora. In recent years she has headed a number of excavations in this area, including rescue excavations along the route of the Kolín bypass road in 2008–2009. She is experienced in processing large pottery assemblages and has cooperated with Durham University in the excavation and processing of a unique Bronze Age site at Velim in the Kolín district. Her research focuses primarily on the Neolithic period and she is currently coordinating the processing of an enormous assemblage of material from excavations at Kolín.

Address: Institute of Archaeology, Prague, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Letenská 4, 118 01 Praha 1 – Malá Strana, Czech Republic. [email: [email protected]]

Petr Limburský

Petr Limburský has received degrees from Charles University's Department of Nuclear Physics and Department of Prehistory and Early History. He has been employed since 2000 as an archaeologist at the Museum of Central Bohemia in Roztoky, and since 2004 as an archaeologist at the Prague Institute of Archaeology. He is mainly concerned with the Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age and the application non-intuitive methods in archaeology. Since 2000 he has undertaken rescue excavations, and since 2004 has been head of archaeological research at Vlíněves in the Mělník district.

Address: Institute of Archaeology, Prague, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Letenská 4, 118 01 Praha 1 – Malá Strana, Czech Republic. [email: [email protected]]

Petr Květina

Petr Květina is a head of the Department of Prehistoric Archaeology in the Prague Institute of Archaeology. He is based at the Institute in Kutná Hora where he is member of the team evaluating the results of the long-term research on the Neolithic settlement at Bylany. He has particular interests in settlement spatial analyses, the study of settlement refuse and current approaches to method and theory in European archaeology (Mikulov, 2012). He is also experienced in GIS, description systems and databases.

Address: Institute of Archaeology, Prague, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Letenská 4, 118 01 Praha 1 – Malá Strana, Czech Republic. [email: [email protected]]

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