Hanover: A German Dynasty and its Symbols

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Notes

2 Such a position supports the view of Torsten Riotte given in his article ‘The Kingdom of Hanover and the Marienburg Sale’, The Court Historian, vol. 12 (June 2007), pp. 49–61.

3 See the details in the exhibition catalogue (published in Dresden, 2014): Reif für die Insel, pp. 18–24, 37–8. Franz Haarmann, Das Haus Hannover. Welfen–Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg. Deutsche Fürstenhäuser 27 (Werl, 2014).

4 Reif für die Insel, catalogue number I.120, p. 99. The print, without naming an author, is dated ca. 1710.

5 Reif für die Insel, catalogue numbers I.7 and I.74, pp. 55, 62.

6 Gottfried Mraz, ‘Das Ende des Heiligen Römischen Reichs’, in Peter Claus Hartmann and Florian Schuller, eds, Das Heilige Römische Reich und sein Ende 1806. Zäsur in der deutschen und europäischen Geschichte (Regensburg, 2006), pp. 78–86. Wolf D. Gruner, ‘England, Hannover und der Deutsche Bund 1814–1837’, in Adolf M. Birke and Kurt Kluxen (eds) England und Hannover (München, 1986), pp. 81–126.

7 Hannovers Herrscher auf Englands Thron, p. 59.

8 Königliches Theater (Dresden, 2014). See also Elisabeth Reich, ed., Loyal Subversion? Caricatures from the Personal Union between England and Hanover (1714–1837) (Göttingen, 2014).

9 Catalogue number 83. Eine Kutsche und zwei Königreiche (Dresden, 2014), pp. 14–39.

10 On www.wikipedia.de, ‘Krone des Königreichs Hannover’, it is stated with reference to German literature that the jewels replaced older, more simple ones produced in 1814. The crown jewels are still in possession of the dynasty, but the storehouse is not officially known. In 1867 they were kept in Schloss Marienburg: Lord Twining, European Regalia (London, 1967), pp. 65–6, 81, 112.

11 Alheidis von Rohr, Der Weg zur Krone. Macht- und Herrschaftszeichen der Welfen (Göttingen, 2014), pp. 102–07. See also Haarmann, Das Haus Hannover, pp. 22–4.

12 Reif für die Insel, p. 126.

13 Tony Claydon, William III (London, 2002), pp. 35–47. W. A. Speck, ‘Mary II’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [www.oxforddnb.com].

14 C. H. Slegte, ‘De propagandacampagnes voor koning-stadhouder Willem III. Een verkenning’, in Jaarboek Oranje-Nassau Museum (2002), pp. 71–105, 79, 93.

15 This is suggested by Lois G. Schwoerer, ‘Propaganda in the Revolution of 1688–1689’, American Historical Review 82 (1977), pp. 843–74, at p. 869; and ibid., ‘The coronation of William and Mary, April 11, 1989’, in Lois G. Schwoerer (ed.), The Revolution of 1688–1689. Changing Perspectives (Cambridge, 1992) pp. 107–30, at p. 108.

16 Henk van Nierop, ‘Profijt en propaganda. Nieuwsprenten en de verbeelding van het nieuws’, in Henk van Nierop (ed.), Romeyn de Hooghe. De verbeelding van de Gouden Eeuw (Zwolle, 2008) pp. 66–85, at pp. 77–82.

17 Anna de Haas, ‘Commissaris van zijne majesteit en mikpunt in faamrovende paskwillen. Een biografische schets’, in Van Nierop (ed.), Romeyn de Hooghe, pp. 12–27.

18 Adolphus William Ward, The Electress Sophia and the Hanoverian Succession (London, 1903) pp. 122, 133–6, 163–82, 207–49.

19 Van Saunier de l'Hermitage to Heinsius, 31 March 1702, in A. J. Veenendaal (ed.), De Briefwisseling van Anthonie Heinsius 1702–1720 (The Hague, 1976), vol. I, pp. 59–61. There are no files relating to this subject in the Dutch Royal Archives (personal communication, L.J.A. Pennings, archivist, and B. Woelderink, former director of the Koninklijk Huisarchief, to the author).

20 Howard Nenner, The Right to be King. The Succession to the Crown of England, 1603–1714 (Houndsmill and London, 1995), pp. 219–49.

21 The Hanoverian archives are not used for Reif für die Insel. A selection of relevant documents is published in Georg Schnath, Geschichte Hannovers im Zeitalter der neunten Kur und der englischen Sukzession 1674–1714 (Hildesheim, 1982), the main study on this subject (personal communication from Christine van den Heuvel, Archivdirektion Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, to the author, 4 November 2014).

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Irène Diependaal

Dr Irène Diependaal is an independent researcher and publicist based in the Netherlands. She has been given access to several archives, including the Dutch and British Royal Archives, to research primary sources. Results have been published since 1994 in Dutch national newspapers and academic journals, while she has been interviewed regularly on Dutch radio and television. Her latest book is Emma. Hoedster van Wilhelmina's erfenis (2013). It deals with the legacy of the Dutch dynasty of Orange-Nassau (1568–1890) and the role that Queen Emma played during her Regency (1890–1898) to ensure that succession passed successfully to her daughter, Queen Wilhelmina. There is a summary in English.