Prenatal protein level impacts homing behavior in Long-Evans rat pups

Abstract

Objective: This study assessed the effect of varying prenatal protein levels on the development of homing behavior in rat pups.

Methods: Long-Evans rats were fed one of the four isocaloric diets containing 6% (n = 7 litters), 12% (n = 9), 18% (n = 9), or 25% (n = 10) casein prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. At birth, litters were fostered to well-nourished control mothers fed a 25% casein diet during pregnancy, and an adequate protein diet (25% casein) was provided to weaning. On postnatal days 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13, homing behaviors, including activity levels, rate of successful returns to the nest quadrant and latencies to reach the nest over a 3-minute test period were recorded from two starting positions in the home cage. Adult body and brain weights were obtained at sacrifice (postnatal day 130 or 200).

Results: Growth was impaired in pups whose mothers were fed a 6% or, to a lesser extent, a 12% casein diet relative to pups whose mothers were fed the 18 and 25% casein diets. The 6 and 12% prenatal protein levels resulted in lower activity levels, with the greatest reduction on postnatal day 13. However, only the 6% pups had reduced success and higher latencies in reaching the nest quadrant when compared with pups from the three other nutrition groups. Latency in reaching the nest quadrant was significantly and negatively associated with adult brain weight.

Discussion: Home orientation is a sensitive measure of developmental deficits associated with variations in prenatal protein levels, including levels of protein deficiency that do not lead to overt growth failure.

Keywords:

• Homing behavior
• Malnutrition
• Prenatal protein
• Protein deficiency
• Rats

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by NIH/MH 074811 (JRG). All authors confirm that there are no conflicts of interest and no financial arrangements with a company whose product figures in the submitted manuscript. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the late Dr Peter Morgane who was an integral part of this research program.

Disclaimer statements

Contributors None.

Funding None.

Conflicts of interest None.

Ethics approval None.