Lost Libraries and Surviving Manuscripts: The Case of Medieval Transylvania

Abstract

The medieval dioceses of Transylvania, Oradea, and Cenad were the easternmost ramparts of Western culture. Cathedrals, Benedictine and Cistercian abbeys, Franciscan and Dominican convents, parish churches, and urban communities owned books and libraries in the Middle Ages. Most of these were lost to fires and plunders. The Tartars’ invasion in 1241 and the Reformation were also major occasions for book destruction. Starting from surviving book lists and manuscripts preserved in Romania and abroad, the present article attempts to reconstruct the landscape of literacy in medieval Transylvania.

Keywords:

• Transylvania
• medieval
• manuscripts
• lost libraries

Acknowledgement

The present research was supported by a grant from the Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj, Romania (GTC 34019/2013).

Notes

1 There exist few general surveys of medieval libraries in Romania: C. Dima-Drăgan, ‘Bibliothèques roumaines anciennes (XIIe–XVIIIe siècles)’, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 53 (1978), 347–57; G. Buluţă, Scurtă istorie a bibliotecilor din România [A short history of Romanian libraries] (Bucharest: Ed. Enciclopedică, 2000), pp. 8–39; A. C. Dincă, ‘The Lost Libraries of Transylvania: Some Examples from the 15th and 16th Centuries’, paper presented at the 75th World Library and Information Congress, Milan, 23–27 August 2009 http://conference.ifla.org/past-wlic/ 2009/78-dinca-en.pdf [accessed 30 September 2014].

2 K. Pakots, ‘A szatmári egyházmegye története’ [The history of the Satu Mare diocese], in Bertalan Bagossy et al., Az erdélyi katholicizmus múltja és jelene [Transylvanian Catholicism, past and present], (Dicsőszentmárton: Erzébet Könyvnyomda, 1925), pp. 459–60

3 On the history of the Batthyaneum Library, see I. Mârza, ‘Unfamiliar Libraries, XIV: The Batthyaneum, Alba Iulia’, Book Collector,24 (1975), 558–64; I. Mârza, ‘La bibliothèque Batthyaneum d’Alba-Iulia’, Transylvanian Review, 4 (1995), 48–56; I. Dârja, ‘Biblioteca Batthyaneum’, Discobolul, 8 (2005), 95–106; A. Papahagi, ‘Prolegomena to a New Catalogue of the Medieval Manuscripts of the Batthyaneum Library, Alba Iulia’, New Europe College Yearbook,14 (2006–07), 241–81.

4 Zs. Jakó, ‘A Batthyaneum-könyvtár történetéből, 1: A Migazzi-gjütemény megszerzése’ [The history of the Batthyaneum Library, 1: The acquisition of the Migazzi collection], Könyvtári Szemle, 13 (1969), 125–29; E. and I. Mârza, ‘Biblioteca Migazziana Viennensis: Anregungen zu einer möglichen Rekonstruktion’, Colloquia, 2 (1995), 74–79; I. Dârja, ‘Manuscrise migazziene în colecţia Bibliotecii Naţionale a României, Filiala Batthyáneum’ [Migazzi manuscripts in the Batthyaneum Library], Apulum,new ser., 35 (1998), 407–14; I. Dârja, Fondul Migazzi: Surse documentare [The Migazzi collection: Documentary sources] (Alba Iulia: Altip, 1998).

5 E. Selecká (Mârza), Stredoveká levočská knižnica [The medieval library of Levoča] (Martin: Matica slovenská, 1974).

6 See the handwritten register of the library, ‘A Batthyany intézet ügyviteli naplója 1909 szeptember 1-töl’ [Register of the Batthyany Institute from 1 September 1909 onwards], Batthyaneum Library, no. 25/15.03.1913.

7 Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen. I: 1191 bis 1342, ed. by F. Zimmermann and C. Werner (Sibiu: Franz Michaelis, 1892), no. 314, p. 254: ‘comburendo et auferendo omnia ornamenta, libros, etc.’.

8 M. Lupescu-Makó and A. A. Rusu, ‘Cluj-Mănăştur’, in Dicţionarul mănăstirilor din Transilvania, Banat, Crişana şi Maramureş, ed. by A. A. Rusu (Cluj: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2000), pp. 114–17; E. Benkő, ‘Mănăştur (Kolozsmonostor) bei Klausenburg’, in Europas Mitte um 1000: Beiträge zur Geschichte, Kunst und Archäologie, ed. by A. Wieczorek and H.-M. Hinz (Stuttgart: Theiss, 2000), pp. 597–99; A. C. Dincă, ‘Die Benediktinerabtei von Appesdorf und die mittelalterlichen Anfänge der Siedlung Klausenburg’, in Klausenburg: Wege einer Stadt und Ihrer Menschen in Europa, ed. by U. Burger and R. Gräf (Cluj: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2007), pp. 31–37.

9 The book list was edited by K. Tagányi, ‘Adatok a hazai középkori könyvtárak történetéhez, V: A kolozsmonostori konvent könyvtára 1427-ben’ [Data on the domestic history of medieval libraries, V: The Cluj-Mănăştur convent library of 1427], Magyar Könyvszemle, 14 (1889), 88–91. See also Zs. Jakó, A kolozsmonostori konvent jegyzőkönyvei (1289–1556) [Protocols of the Cluj-Mănăştur convent (1289–1556)] (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1990), i, no. 24, pp. 182–94 and facsimiles 2–4, after p. 1077. Jakó erroneously reports the figure of fifty-four volumes; cf. S. Jakó and R. Manolescu, Scrierea latină în evul mediu [Latin script in the Middle Ages] (Bucharest: Ed. Ştiinţifică, 1971), p. 94.

10 J. Karácsonyi, Szt. Ferencz rendjének története Magyarországon 1711-ig [The history of the Franciscan Order in Hungary until 1711], 2 vols (Budapest Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1922–24); A. Harsányi, A domonkosrend Magyarországon a reformáció előtt [The Dominican Order in Hungary before the Reformation] (Debrecen: [n.p.], 1938); M. S. Salontai, Mănăstiri dominicane din Transilvania [Dominican convents in Transylvania] (Cluj: Nereamia Napocae, 2002).

11 B. Iványi, ‘Geschichte des Dominikanerordens in Siebenbürgen und der Moldau’, Siebenbürgische Vierteljahrsschrift,62 (1939), 384–88; Jakó and Manolescu, p. 95.

12 K. Jakó, ‘Din istoricul primei biblioteci universitare din Cluj’ [From the history of the first university library in Cluj], Comunicări ale cercurilor ştiinţifice studenţeşti: Istorie (Cluj: [n.p.], 1986), pp. 55–62; K. Jakó, Az elsö kolozsvári egyetemi könyvtár története és állományának rekonstrukciója 1579–1604 [The history and the reconstruction of the collections of the first university library in Cluj, 1579–1604] (Szeged: Scriptum, 1991); Dincă, ‘The Lost Librarie­s’, p. 6.

13 On this library, see L. Ursuţiu, ‘The Library of the Cluj-Napoca Branch of the Romanian Academy’, Transylvanian Review, 4 (1995), 29–47.

14 Zs. Jakó, ‘A kolozsvári könyvtárak közepkori latin kódexiről’ [Medieval Latin codices in Cluj libraries], Könyvtári Szemle, 11 (1967), 78–80; L. Kelemen, Kézirattári értékeink [Valuable manuscript holdings] (Cluj: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, 2010), pp. 19–22. Descriptions in A. Papahagi, ‘Manuscrisele medievale occidentale ale Bibliotecii Centrale Universitare din Cluj’ [Western medieval manuscripts in the University Library of Cluj], Revista română de istorie a cărţii, 9 (2013), 32–46.

15 The colophon ‘Per manus [sic] Nicolai scriptoris de Transilvania de opido Thorda ubi sali sodium nominatur’ does not support C. Dima-Drăgan’s statement that ‘le fermier des salines transylvaines, Nicolas de Turda, possédait une riche bibliothèque’ (Dima-Drăgan, p. 352).

16 F. Teutsch, ‘Geschichte des Gymnasiums in Hermannstadt’, Archiv des Vereins für siebenbürgische Landeskunde, 17 (1882), 9–30.

17 C. I. Karadja, ‘Alte Bibliotheken der Siebenbürger Sachsen und ihre Wiegendrucke’, Gutenberg- Jahrbuch,16 (1941), 196–207; C. Göllner, ‘Din istoricul unor biblioteci feudale ale saşilor din Sibiu’ [From the history of some feudal libraries of the Saxons of Sibiu], Studii şi cercetări de bibliologie, 5 (1963), 221–29; D. Nägler, ‘Das Buchwesen’, in 800 Jahre Kirche der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen, ed. by T. Nägler (Thaur bei Innsbruck: Wort und Welt Verlag, 1991), pp. 152–54; A. Dincă, ‘Formen und Funktionen der Schriftlichkeit im spätmittelalterlichen Hermannstadt: Zum Schriftgebrauch in einer vormodernen Rechtsgemeinschaft’, Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, 19 (2011), 290–96.

18 R. Szentiványi, Catalogus concinnus librorum manuscriptorum bibliothecae Batthyáneae, 4th edn (Szeged: [n.p.], 1958), pp. 158–69.

19 Göllner, p. 224; Dincă, ‘The Lost Libraries’, p. 4; Szentiványi, pp. 158–69.

20 V. Jugăreanu, Biblioteca muzeului Brukenthal din Sibiu [The library of the Brukenthal Museum in Sibiu] (Bucharest: Ed. de Stat Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1957), pp. 3–4; D. Nägler, ‘Die Bibliothek des Brukenthal-Museums’, Transylvanian Review,4 (1995), 57–71.

21 Only thirty-five medieval manscripts had been identified and described by G. A. Schuller, ‘Die älteren Handschriftenbände des Baron-Brukenthalischen-Museums’, Mitteilungen aus dem Baron- Brukenthalischen-Museum, 3 (1933), 13–32; 4 (1934), 16–36; 5 (1935), 43–49; 6 (1936), 22–31. All of the Sibiu manuscripts were described by Dr Dincă, and descriptions will soon be available in A. Papahagi and A. C. Dincă, with A. Mârza, Manuscrisele medievale occidentale din România: Census [The Western medieval manuscripts in Romania: A census] (Iaşi: Polirom, 2015).

22 M. Ordeanu, Gloria in excelsis Deo: Liber horarum Brukenthal — Cartea Orelor (Sibiu: Altip, 2007).

23 R. Constantinescu, Codicele Altenberger [The Altenberger Codex] (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1988).

24 MSS 601–C–25-28.

25 J. Groß, ‘Zur ältesten Geschichte der Kronstädter Gymnasialbibliothek’, Archiv des Vereins für siebenbürgische Landeskunde, 21 (1887), 591–708 (p. 597).

26 Ibid., p. 593.

27 Ibid.

28 Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen, ed. by G. Gündisch, H. Gündisch, G. Nussbächer, and K. Gündisch, vi (Bucharest: Ed. Academiei, 1981), no. 3256. See also Dincă, ‘The Lost Libraries’, p. 5 and n. 16.

29 M. Philippi, Die Bürger von Kronstadt im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau, 1986), pp. 230–33; Groß, p. 593.

30 Johannes Filstich, Historia ecclesiastica totius Transilvaniae (Braşov: [n.p.], 1720), i, § 130, quoted by Groß, p. 597, n. 1.

31 Ed. in Groß, pp. 620–25.

32 Item 15, ‘prima pars Bibliorum in pergameno scripta’; items 19–21, ‘missale scriptum in pergameno’; item 27, ‘tertia pars Bibliorum in pergameno scripta’; item 29, ‘Decretum in pergameno scripto’; item 31, ‘scriptum super libros Sententiarum’; and item 33, ‘scriptum in librum Sententiarum’, among the books ‘in infima parte’; and item 5 among the books ‘desuper iacentes’ — ‘Testamentum manu scriptum’ (the numbers are mine, since Groß did not number his list).

33 Items 3, ‘Sextus decretalium in pergameno Regali’, and 40, ‘Regula Augustini in pergameno’, among the books ‘in infima parte’, and items 79–80, ‘Lectionalia in pergameno 2’ among the books ‘desuper iacentes’.

34 K. Reinerth, ‘Das Kronstädter Graduale’, in Geschichtswirklichkeit und Glaubensbewahrung: Festschrift für Bischof Friedrich Müller, ed. by F. C. Fry (Stuttgart: Evangelisches Verlagswerk, 1967), pp. 130–60.

35 Descriptions from Papahagi and Dincă.

36 Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Kronstadt, viii/2: Annales ecclesiastici 1556 (1531)–1706 (1763), ed. by J. Gross, G. Nussbächer, and E. Marin (Braşov and Heidelberg: Aldus, 2002), pp. xxiv–xxv; G. Nussbächer, ‘Das Verzeichnis der Privilegien des Burzenländer Kapitels aus dem Jahre 1493’, in Emlékkönyv Kiss András születésének nyolcvanadik évfordulójára, ed. by A. S. Pál, G. Sipos, A. W. Kovács, and R. Wolf (Cluj: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, 2004), pp. 411–16.

37 The leaves were identified and described by F. W. Seraphin, ‘Eine Kronstädter Handschrift des Jacobus de Voragine’, in Programm des evangelischen Gymnasiums A. B. zu Kronstadt (1901), pp. 3–14 and MS facsimile.

38 K. Reinerth, Das Heltauer Missale (Cod. Heltensis Nr. 8/13/m saec. XIV): Eine Brücke zum Lande der Herkunft der Siebenbürger Sachsen (Cologne and Graz: Böhlau, 1963).

39 See http://codex.centre.ubbcluj.ro/adinel-dinca-restaurarea-si-cercetarea-manuscriselor-medievale-de-la-cisnadie [accessed 30 September 2014].

40 A. Dincă, ‘Schriftkultur im südsiebenbürgischen Raum um 1500. Cultura scrisului în Transilvania de sud în jurul lui 1500’, in Mittelalterliche Schriften im Dialog mit der Gegenwart. Cultura scrisului — Izvoare medievale în dialog cu generaţia de azi (Sibiu: Teutsch-Haus, 2013), pp. 5–21.

41 A. Filimon, ‘Biblioteca Telekiană din Târgu-Mureş’ [The Teleki Library of Târgu Mureş], Boabe de grâu, 2 (1931), 331–36; A. Farczády and M. Székely, ‘Istoricul şi situaţia actuală a Bibliotecii Documentare “Bolyai” din Tîrgu Mureş’ [The history and current situation of the ‘Bolyai’ Documentary Library in Târgu Mureş], Studii şi cercetări de bibliologie, 2 (1957), 241–54; M. Sebestyén-Spielmann, ‘Teleki–Bolyai Library, Târgu-Mureş’, Transylvanian Review, 4 (1995), 103–11.

42 Farczády and Székely, p. 243.

43 E. Farczády and T. A. Szabó, Marosvásárhelyi sorok és glosszák [The Târgu Mureş lines and glosses] (Bucharest: Kriterion, 1973).

44 F. Muckenhaupt, A Csíksomlyói ferences nyomda és könyvkötö műhely [The printing and bookbinding workshop of the Franciscans of Şumuleu Ciuc] (Şumuleu Ciuc: Csíki Székely Múzeum, 2007), English abstract on pp. 70–71.

45 E. Muckenhaupt, A Csíksomlyói ferences könyvtár kincsei [The treasures of the Franciscan library of Şumuleu Ciuc] (Budapest and Cluj: Polis, 2000), pp. 95–96.

46 G. Klaniczay and E. Madas, ‘La Hongrie’, in Hagiographies: Histoire internationale de la littérature hagiographique latine et vernaculaire en Occident des origines à 1550, ed. by G. Philippart, ii (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996), 113–16; Ş. Turcuş, Sfântul Gerard de Cenad [St Gerard of Cenad] (Bucharest: Carom, 2004).

47 G. Glauche, Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München: Die Pergamenthandschriften des Domkapitels Freising, i (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000), s.v. ‘CLM 6211’; Gerard din Cenad, Armonia lumii, ed. by R. Constantinescu (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1984), p. 50. Reference edn: Gerardi Moresenae aecclesiae seu Csanadensis episcopi Deliberatio supra hymnum trium puerorum, ed. by G. Silagi, Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio Mediaevalis, 49 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1978).

48 On the history of the abbey, see E. Bósz, Az egresi ciszterci apátság története [The story of the Cistercian abbey of Igriş] (Budapest: Stephaneum, 1911); F. L. Hervay, Repertorium historicum ordinis Cisterciensis in Hungaria,Bibliotheca Cisterciensis, 7 (Rome: Ed. Cistercienses, 1984), pp. 90–97; Ş. Turcuş and V. Turcuş, Ordinul cistercian: artă şi instituţii cisterciene în Transilvania medievală [The Cistercian Order: Cistercian art and institutions in medieval Transylvania] (Bucharest: România Press, 2003), trans. into English by C.-V. Borbély as At the Edges of Christendom: The White Monks’ Arts and Institutions in Transylvania (The Twelfth–Fifteenth Centuries) (Cluj: Academia Română. Centrul de Studii Transilvane, 2012), pp. 141–53.

49 Hervay, p. 20.

50 Ibid., p. 91.

51 Anonymi Belle regis notarii Gesta Hungarorum: Magistri Rogerii Epistola in miserabile carmen super destructione Regni Hungariae per Tartaros facta, ed. and with English trans. by M. Rady, L. Veszprémy, and J. Bak (Budapest and New York: CEU Press, 2010), ch. 37, p. 212: ‘exceptis quibusdam monachis’.

52 Hervay, pp. 91–92.

53 M. Peyrafort-Huin (in M. Peyrafort-Huin, P. Stirnemann, and J.-L. Benoit, La bibliothèque médiévale de l’abbaye de Pontigny (XIIe–XIXe siècles: Histoire, inventaires anciens, manuscrits, Documents, études et répertoires publiés par l’IRHT, 11 (Paris: CNRS, 2001), p. 71) believes that Zwettl, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 119 arrived there via Igriş, but brings no evidence to support her theory. S. Rössler (‘Verzeichniss der Handschriften der Bibliothek des Stiftes Zwettl’, in Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Cistercienser-Stifte, Xenia Bernardina, 2.i (Vienna: Alfred Hölder, 1891), 297–300) mentions as the main sources of Zwettl’s manuscripts the abbey’s own scriptorium and Heiligenkreuz, founded by Morimond in 1133. MS 119, dated by Rössler (p. 344) ‘s. XIIIex’, contains sermons by Hugh of Pontigny and Odo of Morimond, and may thus have come to Zwettl from Morimond via Heiligenkreuz, rather than from Pontigny via Igriş. C. Ziegler and J. Rössl (Zisterzienserstift Zwettl: Katalog der Handschriften des Mittelalters,Teil II: Codex 101–200 (Vienna and Munich: Anton Schroll, 1985), pp. 47–49) suggest that the manuscript may have been produced in Zwettl at the beginning of the thirteenth century.

54 Peyrafort-Huin, p. 53.

55 The list was first edited by G. Lovass, ‘Egy középkori francia kolostor könyvei Magyarorszagon’ [Books from a French medieval monastery in Hungary], Egyetemes Philologiai Közlöny, 62 (1938), 224–26. See now R. Constantinescu and E. Lazea, ‘O bibliotecă monastică din Transilvania pe la 1200’ [A monastic library from Transylvania around 1200], Studii: Revistă de istorie, 22 (1969), 1145–63. The full Annotatio was edited by Peyrafort-Huin, pp. 245–85.

56 Cf. R. Witkowski, ‘Die mittelalterlichen Bibliotheke­n der Zisterzienserabteien in Schlesien, Polen, Pommern und Pommerellen’, in Die Zisterzienser und ihre Bibliotheken: Buchbesitz und Schriftgebrauch des Klosters Altzelle im europäischen Vergleich, ed. by T. Graber and M. Schattkowsky (Leipzig: Universitätsverlag, 2008), p. 340.

57 C. R. Cheney, ‘English Cistercian Libraries: The First Century’, in his Medieval Texts and Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 344. The same conclusion is reached in D. Frioli, Lo scriptorium e la biblioteca del monastero cistercense di Aldersbach, Testi, studi, strumenti, 3) (Spoleto: CISAM, 1990), p. 293: ‘sono particolarmente numerosi i volumi miscellanei’.

58 Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen, ed. by F. Zimmermann, C. Werner, and G. Müller, ii (Sibiu: Franz Michaelis, 1897), 293–97; Hervay, p. 92: ‘originale ipsius registri exhibere non valuisset’ — ‘he was not able to produce the original register’.

59 Hervay, p. 93.

60 Ibid., 94.

61 On the history of Cârţa, see ibid., pp. 112–19; M. Thalgott, Die Zisterzienser von Kerz: Zusammenhänge (Munich: Verlag Südostdeutsches Kulturwerk, 1990); G. Zell, Kerz und die Kerzer Abtei: Heimatbuch einer Siebenbürgischen Gemeinde (Munich: Verlag der Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen Stiftung, 1997); H. Schuller, ‘Zisterzienserspuren in Siebenbürgen’, in Zisterziensisches Schreiben im Mittelalter — Das Skriptorium der Reiner Mönche: Beiträge der Internationalen Tagung im Zisterzienserstift Rein, Mai 2003, ed. by A. Schwob and K. Kranich-Hofbauer (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005), pp. 267–91; Turcuş and Turcuş, pp. 155–208.

62 Hervay, pp. 116: ‘ex Turcorum continuis invasionibus devastatum et penitus desolatum’.

63 Schuller, pp. 288–89.

64 Hervay, p. 117; Schuller, p. 289.

65 The most complete library and book history of Oradea is Zs. Jakó, ‘Oradea în istoria bibliotecilor noastre medievale’ [Oradea in the history of our medieval libraries], in his Philobiblon transilvan (Bucharest: Kriterion, 1977), pp. 13–71.

66 F. Oszvald, ‘Adatok a magyarországi premontreiek Árpád-kori történetéhez’ [Data concerning the history of Hungarian Premonstratensians in the Arpad age], Művészettörténeti Értesitő,6 (1957), 235; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 18.

67 Karácsonyi, Szt. Ferencz rendjének története Magyarországon, i, 292–94, 329; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 22.

68 J. Csontosi, ‘A Müncheni könyvtár hazai vonatko­zású kéziratai’ [Domestic-related manuscripts in the Munich library], Magyar Könyvszemle, 7 (1882), 219; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, pp. 27–28.

69 The MS contains, at fol. 100, a letter of presentation from the Bishop of Passau, allowing several Augustinian friars to preach in Vienna — cf. Catalogus Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis secundum Andreae Schmelleri indices,ii.2: Codices num. 11001–15028 complectens [1876], ed. by K. Halm, F. Keinz, W. Meyer, and G. Thomas (Munich: Bibliotheca Regia, 1968), p. 155 (CLM 14294).

70 Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 31.

71 ‘Scriptus pro magna parte in Kapolna et in unum collectus’: J. Csontosi, ‘Magyarországi könyvmásolók és betűfestők a középkorban’ [Hungarian scribes and illuminators in the Middle Ages], Magyar Könyvszemle, 6 (1881), 212. See also Jakó, ‘Oradea’, pp. 35–36. Unfortunately, the shelfmark indicated by Csontosi does not correspond to the one in the handwritten library catalogue by V. Werl, Manuscripten-Catalog der Stifts-Bibliothek zu Göttweig (Göttweig, 1844), p. 436, available online at http://manuscripta.at/diglit/werl_1/0446?sid= 85192d8410127ac71fef549a55ff155e [accessed 30 September 2014].

72 E. Jakubovich, ‘A varádi püspökség XIII. századi tizedjegyzéke’ [The thirteenth-century list of taxes of the diocese of Oradea], Magyar Nyelv, 22 (1926), 220–21, 360; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 39.

73 J. Balogh, ‘Andrea Scolari váradi püspök mecenási tevékenysége’ [The charitable activities of Andrea Scolari, Bishop of Oradea], Archaeologiai Értesitő,40 (1923–26), 187: ‘Item lego et darj volo prefato meo monasterio construendo unam bibbiam [sic] de lietera [sic] gallica parvj voluminis pretij florenorum triginta sex vel circa’.

74 Quoted by F. Földesi, ‘A Society of Scholars and Books: The Library of János Vitéz’, in A Star in the Raven’s Shadow: János Vitéz and the Beginnings of Humanism in Hungary, ed. by F. Földesi (Budapest: National Széchényi Library, 2008), p. 96; Iani Pannonii opera quae manserunt omnia, i.1: Epigrammata: Textus, ed. by J. Mayer and L. Török (Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 2006), poem ‘Abiens valere iubet sanctos reges, Waradini’: ‘Ac tu, bibliotheca, iam valeto, / Tot claris veterum referta libris / Quam Phoebus Patara colit relicta, / Nec plus Castalios amant recessus, / Vatum Numina, Mnemonis puellae’. Trans. by G. F. Cushing.

75 Cf. K. Csapodi-Gárdonyi, ‘Die Bibliothek des Erzbischofs Johannes Vitéz’, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 48 (1973), 442; Földesi, p. 104.

76 Csapodi-Gárdonyi, ‘Die Bibliothek’, p. 442.

77 V. Fraknói, ‘Vitéz János könyvtára’ [János Vitéz’s library], Magyar Könyvszemle, 3 (1878), 1–21, 79–91, 190–201.

78 Csapodi-Gárdonyi, ‘Die Bibliothek’, and Die Bibliothek des Johannes Vitéz (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984).

79 Földesi, p. 104, and catalogue entries and illustrations; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, pp. 410–13 has a list of forty-nine works.

80 ‘Ex Waradino per Briccium presbiterum de Polanka, ad 1[4]55 ...’; Földesi, pp. 98 and 146–47 (cat. no. 21).

81 Földesi, pp. 160–62 (cat. no. 27).

82 Fraknói, pp. 13, 19; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 53.

83 ‘Emendavi quantum fieri potuit et finivi Cibinij 27 Septembris 1462’; Földesi, pp. 98, 188–91 (cat. no. 36).

84 L. Fejérpataky, ‘A Német-újvári Sz. Ferenczrendi zárda könyvtára’ [The library of the Franciscan convent of Güssing], Magyar Könyvszemle, 8 (1883), 110–11; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 52; M. Mairold, Die datierten Handschriften in der Steiermark außerhalb der Universitätsbibliothek Graz bis zum Jahre 1600, i (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1988), no. 158.

85 J. Karácsonyi, ‘Imre Gyulai plébános kódexe’ [The manuscript of Imre, priest of Gyula], Magyar Könyvszemle, new ser., 4 (1896), 8–15; J. Karácsonyi, Békésvármegye története, i (Gyula: Dobay, 1896), 196–97; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 52.

86 S. Domanovszky, ‘A Dubniczi krónika kódexe’ [The manuscript of the Dubnic chronicle], Magyar Könyvszemle,new ser., 7 (1899), 64–72; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 52.

87 H. Tietze, Die illuminierten Handschriften in Salzburg (Leipzig: Hiersemann, 1905), no. 46; C. Csapodi and K. Csapodi-Gárdonyi, Bibliotheca Hungarica: Kódexek és nyomtatott Könyvek Magyarországon 1526 elött, ii (Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1993), no. 2587; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 55.

88 J. Aloysius, Compendiaria descriptio fundationis ac vicisitudinum episcopatus et capituli M. Varadiensis (Oradea: Gottlieb, 1806), p. 258; Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 57.

89 Jakó, ‘Oradea’, p. 58.

90 E. Buringh, Medieval Manuscript Production in the Latin West: Explorations with a Global Database (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2011).

91 Ibid., table 4.1, p. 194.

92 D. N. Bell, The Libraries of the Cistercians, Gilbertines and Premonstratensians, Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues, 3 (London: British Library and British Academy, 1992), pp. 15–26.