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Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
The Canadian Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science
Volume 51, 2012 - Issue 1
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Original Article

Thermal simulation of HAZ regions in modern high strength steel

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Pages 58-66 | Received 12 Apr 2011, Accepted 21 Jul 2011, Published online: 22 Nov 2013
 

Abstract

Thermal simulation of the heat affected zone (HAZ) resulting from single and dual torch mechanised pulsed gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) has been achieved in an X80 line pipe. The continuous cooling of an X80 steel with initial acicular microstructure over Δt8-5 from 2 to 50 s results in mixed bainite and martensite microstructure at fast cooling times, bainite at intermediate cooling times and granular bainite with bainite at longer cooling times. These phases were confirmed through optical and electron microscopy. The resulting transformation temperatures have been assembled and presented as a continuous cooling transformation diagram. The toughness of the steel was examined with Charpy impact specimens for three simulated HAZ cooling cycles, grain coarsened (GC HAZ), intercritically reheated grain coarsened (ICR GC HAZ) and an interrupted intercritically reheated grain coarsened (NTR ICR GC HAZ). The NTR ICR GC HAZ is a novel HAZ that can result from dual torch welding at fast travel speed and close torch spacing. All of the thermally simulated HAZ regions showed reduced toughness that was attributed to bainitic microstructure and large effective grain sizes.

On a effectué la simulation thermique de la zone affectée par la chaleur (HAZ) résultant du soudage mécanisé à arc pulsé, à chalumeau unique ou double sous protection gazeuse (P-GMAW), dans un tuyau de conduite X80. Le refroidissement en continu d’un acier X80 avec microstructure initiale aciculaire pour un Dt8-5 de 2 à 50 sec a pour résultat une microstructure mixte de bainite et de martensite à des temps rapides du refroidissement, de la bainite à des temps intermédiaires de refroidissement, et de la bainite granulaire avec de la bainite à de plus longs temps de refroidissement. On a confirmé ces phases par microscopie optique et électronique. On a assemblé les températures de transformation qui en résultaient et on les présente sous forme de diagramme de transformation en refroidissement continu. On a examiné la ténacité de l’acier avec des échantillons de résilience Charpy pour trois cycles simulés de refroidissement de l’HAZ, soit avec grossissement du grain (GC HAZ), re-chauffage intercritique et grossissement du grain (ICR GC HAZ) et re-chauffage intercritique interrompu et grossissement du grain (NTR ICR GC HAZ). L’HAZ NTR ICR GC est une nouvelle HAZ qui peut résulter du soudage à chalumeau double à vitesse de déplacement élevée et à faible espacement de chalumeau. Toutes les régions HAZ simulées thermiquement montraient une réduction de la ténacité, qui était attribuée à la microstructure bainitique et aux grandes tailles effectives du grain.

This research was funded by CANMET-MTL and the Federal Interdepartmental Program for Energy Research and Development. The authors would like to thank Mr M. Kerry for his machining expertise and Mr R. Eagleson for mechanical testing. The research is part of a larger consolidated program jointly funded by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration of the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI). The views and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies of any of these organisations.

The author (GG) also wishes to acknowledge CANMET-MTL management for providing the opportunity to work and have access to laboratory facilities during the course of this research and to NSERC and McGill University for funding grants.

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