The relationship between various anatomical landmarks used for localizing the first rib during surface palpation

Abstract

Objectives:

To assess the relationship between anatomical landmarks used to locate the first rib during surface palpation. One currently cited technique suggests locating the width of the transverse processes (TPs) of the first cervical vertebrae (C1) to determine the estimated width of the first thoracic vertebrae (T1) TP, allowing for subsequent palpation of the first rib laterally to the transverse process of T1. Based on anatomical structural relationships, the authors propose an additional method of locating the first rib, lateral to T1 TP, by palpating through the trapezius muscle at the width of the mastoid process (MP).

Methods:

Overlying tissue of the bilateral MP, C1 TPs, and T1 TPs of 28 cadavers were removed. Measurements of the left to right spans at the following structures were collected using a digital caliper: mastoid process, C1 TP, and T1 TP. Measurements were used to determine the agreement between each anatomical structural span.

Results:

The mean absolute difference (standard deviation, SD) between C1 TP span versus T1 TP span was 3·9 (±2·58) mm with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0·88 (95% CI = 2·9–4·9). The mean absolute difference between MP span and T1 TP span was 35·4 (±6·46) mm with an ICC of 0·71 (95% CI = 33·0–37·8).

Discussion:

This study confirms the anatomical accuracy and feasibility of using the C1 TP span to determine the general width of the T1 TP span while palpating for the first rib just lateral to the T1 TP. Additionally, this study demonstrates that the more easily palpated mastoid process serves as an effective landmark to identify a width sufficiently lateral to the T1 TP, appropriate for first rib palpation through the trapezius muscle.

Keywords:

• First rib
• Reliability
• Surface anatomy
• Manual therapy
• Bone morphology

Acknowledgements

The researchers wish to thank the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center’s School of Allied Health Sciences for use of the Gross Anatomy Laboratory and cadaver specimens. Additionally, financial support for this project was provided in part by the TTUHSC-School of Allied Health Sciences/School of Medicine, Student Research Internship Program. Researchers would also like to thank Natalie Thomas, PT, DPT and Trey DuLaney, PT, DPT for assistance with cadaver dissection.