Determinants of Blood Lead Levels in Saudi Arabian Schoolgirls

Abstract

Blood lead levels were measured in 538 girls aged 6 to 12 years who attended primary public schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Of the 538 screened children, 24.4% had blood lead levels ≥10 μg/dL, the Centers for Disease Control' s level of concern. Variation in the blood lead levels was investigated with respect to a number of risk factors. The main determinant of blood lead levels was the regional location of the school. Pupils who attended schools located in the Central region of Riyadh had significantly higher blood lead concentrations than did pupils who attended schools in the peripheral areas. This is most likely to be due to the heavy vehicular emissions in the Central region. Other variables such as low family income, grade, and application of kohl to the child's eyes and/or umbilicus at birth were also contributors to the blood lead levels. These observations emphasize the importance of health education programs to promote the reduction of lead exposure in the general population.

Keywords:

• lead
• Saudi Arabia
• kohl
• school children