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Abstract
Objective:
To assess outcomes associated with oral anti-diabetic drug (OAD) treatment concordant with guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods:
Electronic health record data between 1/1/2005 and 10/31/2010 provided by an integrated health system were analyzed. T2DM patients were selected based on diagnosis from the health record. Patients with stages 3–5 CKD based on diagnosis or lab results were further identified with the date of first indicated CKD set as index date. Patients who had a medication order of OADs within three months of the index date were included. Patients were considered non-guideline-concordant if prescribed OADs that were recommended to be avoided or if they required dosage adjustment, but were unadjusted. Glycemic control, hospital admissions, and costs of encounters were assessed over a 12-month post-index period, and hypoglycemic events were evaluated until loss of follow-up. Regression analyses were performed, adjusting for patient demographic and clinical characteristics.
Results:
Among 6058 patients (mean age: 70; 42% male), 45% were guideline-concordant. After adjusting for patient characteristics, guideline-concordant patients had a lower risk for hypoglycemic events (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.62–0.83), were less likely to have a hospital admission (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77–0.98), and more likely to have glycemic control (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.46–1.84). Non-guideline-concordant patients had annual encounter costs of 1.10 times those of guideline-concordant patients (marginal cost = $731; P = 0.04).
Limitations:
Unobservable confounders may still exist and bias the results; therefore, findings should be interpreted as associations instead of causations. Findings were based on a single integrated health system and may not be generalizable to larger populations.
Conclusion:
The findings of this exploratory study suggest that guideline-concordant treatment may yield better clinical and economic outcomes. Future research with a better controlled design is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.
Transparency
Declaration of funding
This study was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Declaration of financial/other relationships
K.S., B.K. and S.S. are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. S.-Y.C., M.S., P.R., and L.B. are employees of United BioSource Corporation and were contracted to conduct this study by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
CMRO peer reviewers may have received honoraria for their review work. The peer reviewers on this manuscript have disclosed any relevant financial relationships.
Acknowledgments
S.-Y.C. contributed to the study design, analysis, interpretation of data, and manuscript development. K.S. contributed to the study conception, interpretation of data, and manuscript development. B.K. and S.S. contributed to the study conception and interpretation of data, M.S. performed the analysis. P.R. contributed to manuscript development. L.B. acquired the data and participated in study design and interpretation of data.
Previous presentation: the work was previously presented as a poster titled ‘Clinical and economic outcomes of appropriate oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) treatment among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)” at the 71st Scientific Sessions of American Diabetes Association, San Diego, CA, USA, 24–28 June 2011.