Diabetic retinopathy: a new predictor in patients on regular hemodialysis

Abstract

Background:

Data evaluating the presence and impact of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients on regular hemodialysis (HD) are scarce.

Objective:

To assess prevalence and outcomes of DR in HD patients.

Methods:

Data were collected from 252 consecutive HD-dependent patients who underwent eye examination for detection of DR in 2007. Patients were divided into two groups (DR vs. no-DR) and followed up for 3 years. Demographic and clinical profiles were analyzed and compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to find out the predictors of DR, morbidity and mortality.

Results:

DR was diagnosed in 113 patients (45%). In comparison to no-DR, DR patients were older and more likely to have high prevalence of dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accidents. Duration of DM was longer in DR patients (p = 0.02). There was significant correlation between DR and nephropathy (r = 0.38; p = 0.001) and PAD (r = 0.27; p = 0.001). Hemoglobin A1c, serum calcium and total cholesterol were higher while serum albumin and phosphorus were lower in DR in comparison to no-DR group. The rates of renal transplant, coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accidents were comparable in the two groups. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was associated with 4-fold increase in the presence of DR (Adjusted OR 3.9; p = 0.009). DR was independent predictor for PAD (adjusted OR 2.2; p = 0.01). Age-sex adjusted DR was independent predictor of 3-year mortality (OR 2.04; p = 0.03).

Limitations:

The main issue with a cross-sectional study such as this, is differentiating cause and effect from simple association. Also, the current study did not specify the severity of DR.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of DR is high among HD patients and associated with high mortality. DR is an independent predictor for PAD and not for transplantation. Early detection of DR is highly recommended among HD population for risk-stratification and counseling. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to support our finding.

Key words::

• Diabetic retinopathy
• Hemodialysis
• Mortality
• Peripheral arterial disease

Transparency

Declaration of funding

The authors declare no funding.

Declaration of financial/other relationships

No relationships are declared for any of the authors. All authors read and approved this manuscript with no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

We thank the staff of the hemodialysis unit, the vascular surgery section at Hamad General Hospital and our biostatistician Dr Singh R. Also, we thank the Medical Research Center at HMC, Qatar, for the approval of this study (IRB#12008/12).