How to reduce mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary interventions: cut the bleeding

Abstract

Background:

In-hospital mortality for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has declined thanks to a greater use of primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) associated with more effective antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. In this regard, bivalirudin has been shown to decrease total and cardiac mortality as compared to unfractionated heparin (UFH).

Objective:

The primary purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the hypothesis that the reduction of in-hospital bleeding is the most plausible explanation for the improved survival of STEMI patients treated with bivalirudin during primary PCI. The secondary objective is to reconsider the prognostic significance of the radial access alone or in association with bivalirudin on the basis of the published data.

Methods:

We have done a comprehensive evaluation of the main and related publications of the HORIZONS-AMI trial in addition to an extensive research by Medline of randomized trials evaluating the prognostic impact of radial access as compared with the femoral one in primary PCI.

Results:

In the HORIZONS-AMI trial bivalirudin resulted in significantly lower rates of the 30 day primary endpoint (defined as major adverse ischemic outcomes plus major bleeding) over UFH plus GPI, largely due to the significantly lower rate of the protocol-defined major bleeding. All-cause and cardiac mortality were also reduced in the bivalirudin arm at 3 year follow-up. Recent studies have also shown that the use of the radial instead of the femoral approach for primary PCI is associated with reduced bleeding as well as reduced mortality.

Conclusions:

Our research suggests that decreasing bleeding by either a pharmacologic strategy (use of bivalirudin) or a technical approach (the transradial access) improves survival in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. The validity of this hypothesis should be confirmed by specific randomized trials.

Keywords::

• Bivalirudin
• Percutaneous coronary interventions
• Radial approach
• ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Transparency

Declaration of funding

There was no funding for this review.

Stefano De Servi

Giuseppe Mariani

Matteo Mariani

Maurizio D’Urbano

Declaration of financial/other relationships

S.D.S., G.M., M.M., and M.D’U. have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with or financial interests in any commercial companies related to this study or article.

CMRO peer reviewers may have received honoraria for their review work. The peer reviewers on this manuscript have disclosed that they have no relevant financial relationships.