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ABSTRACT
Although the efficacy of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) cannot be assumed to generalize beyond the populations in which they have been tested, EBTs nevertheless represent a good starting point in developing services for understudied groups. With a few exceptions, responses to treatment in general and to specific treatments have not been substantially different for men and women, or for various ethnic-cultural groups. Issues of differential access to care need to be addressed, and these differences are masked in clinical trials of EBTs. Five types of research are outlined that could advance knowledge of optimal approaches for treating understudied populations.