Advances in iron chelation: an update

Abstract

Introduction: Oxidative stress (caused by excess iron) can result in tissue damage, organ failure and finally death, unless treated by iron chelators. The causative factor in the etiology of a variety of disease states is the presence of iron-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in cell damage or which can affect the signaling pathways involved in cell necrosis–apoptosis or organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular, hepatic or renal dysfunctions. Iron chelators can reduce oxidative stress by the removal of iron from target tissues. Equally as important, removal of iron from the active site of enzymes that play key roles in various diseases can be of considerable benefit to the patients.

Areas covered: This review focuses on iron chelators used as therapeutic agents. The importance of iron in oxidative damage is discussed, along with the three clinically approved iron chelators.

Expert opinion: A number of iron chelators are used as approved therapeutic agents in the treatment of thalassemia major, asthma, fungal infections and cancer. However, as our knowledge about the biochemistry of iron and its role in etiologies of seemingly unrelated diseases increases, new applications of the approved iron chelators, as well as the development of new iron chelators, present challenging opportunities in the areas of drug discovery and development.

Keywords::

• AIDS
• asthma
• cancer
• cardiotoxicity
• fibrosis
• infection
• iron chelation
• malaria
• neurodegenerative disease
• ototoxicity
• reactive oxygen species
• sideromycine
• thalassemia

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank B Bahari for clerical assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.

Notes

This box summarizes key points contained in the article.