Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults

Abstract

A number of medication and psychologic treatment options for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have become available during the past 5 years, while others are under investigation. This review describes the safety and effectiveness of the stimulants (i.e., methylphenidate and dexedrine), and particularly the newer long-acting stimulants (i.e., Concerta^® and Adderall XR^®) in the treatment of this population. Some nonstimulant/nonantidepressants, particularly atomoxetine, have also been shown to improve attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Combination treatment of stimulants and antidepressants require more study with regard to safety and efficacy. Psychosocial interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness training and cognitive remediation) can also benefit adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication is more effective than either intervention alone, especially for addressing the emotional and functional aspects of peoples’ lives and thus improving occupational, interpersonal and emotional outcomes.

Keywords::

• adult
• antidepressants
• atomoxetine
• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• cognitive behavioral therapy
• combined treatment
• dexamphetamine
• methylphenidate
• stimulants
• substance abuse

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Fleurette Grégoire for her library support.