151
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Female-specific issues in multiple sclerosis

&
Pages 969-977 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014
 

Abstract

Complex neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating the immune response can be recognized in all autoimmune diseases. Such mechanisms develop through endocrine loops and feedback processes along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonads axis and the hypothalamus–pituitary– adrenal gland axis. Females are not only more susceptible to autoimmune diseases, but are also more exposed to relevant variations of hormonal levels that physiologically go along with women’s life. This paper reviews female-specific issues in multiple sclerosis and how treatments must be considered accordingly. In particular, aspects related to puberty, menses, fertility, pregnancy, lactation and menopause are considered in addition to epidemiological and clinical issues.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 99.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 651.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.