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Abstract
Dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) ultimately develops in approximately 70% of patients with PD older than 80 years of age. The neuropathology of PD dementia (PDD) is likely multifactorial and affects several neuronal populations. There is evidence that PDD is associated with a cholinergic deficit, supporting the therapeutic role of cholinesterase inhibitors, which are already first-line agents in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Open-label and small controlled studies suggested a clinical efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in PDD. One large randomized placebo-controlled trial of 541 patients demonstrated that oral rivastigmine improved cognition, attention and executive functions, activities of daily living and behavioral symptoms after 6 months of treatment. Rivastigmine is a dual cholinesterase inhibitor, being effective on both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. This paper reviews the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of rivastigmine (oral and transdermal administration). It also reviews evidence on clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of the oral administration in PDD patients at doses of 3–12 mg/day.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this review manuscript.
Notes
NINDS-AIREN: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Association Internationale pour la Recherché et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences; PDD: Parkinson’s disease dementia. Data from Citation[31].
Adapted from Citation[27].