Erratum

This article refers to:

Halting and reversing HIV epidemics in Asia by interrupting transmission in sex work: experience and outcomes from ten countries

Following the publication of the Review by Richard Steen, Pengfei Zhao, Teodora E Wi, Neelamanie Punchihewa, Iyanthi Abeyewickreme and Ying-Ru Lo: ‘Halting and reversing HIV epidemics in Asia by interrupting transmission in sex work: experience and outcomes from ten countries’, published in the October 2013 issue of Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy (Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 11[10], 999–1015 [2013]), it has been brought to our attention that Figure 3 on page 1010 and Table 3 on pages 1006 and 1007 were incorrectly printed. The correct versions of these can be seen below.

In addition, the referencing in the following sentence found on page 1001 has been updated:

Implemented through a network of public health STI clinics, the 100% CUP achieved early success by saturating coverage of sex establishments where condom use was mandated [40,43].

Updated Figure 3:

Figure 3. HIV prevalence trends among sex workers in lower-level epidemics.

Please see pages 1402 and 1403 for updated Table 3:

Table 3. Summary of condom use, HIV and STI data from surveillance and estimates.

Country (data sources)	Condom use in sex work	HIV (sex workers)	HIV (general population)	STI	Modeling and notes
Bangladesh (National surveillance reports, WHO field visit, 2012)	Sub-national: 70% brothel, 51−91% street (40 and 36% hotel-based in Dhaka & Chittagong) BSS 2006/7	Low (<1%), gradually rising trend (2011)	Low and stable, <0.1% (SEARO 2010)	Sub-national: declining trends in some intervention areas, increasing trends of active syphilis in others	Transmission potential remains high among hotel-based, in border areas and where overlap with IDU
Cambodia (National surveillance plus periodic surveys WHO review of 100% CUP, 2004; WHO field visit, 2011)	National: Increase (from about 20% in 1996, to 40% in 1997, to over 90% since 2001	Prevalence decline among DSW from 42% (1996) to 14% (2006). Incidence fell from 13.2 (1999) to 6.5% (2002)	Decline from 3.0% (1997) to 1.9% (2003). Revised estimates: from 2.0% (1998) to 0.6% (2011)	Large decline of NG, CT and syphilis between 1996 and 2001 and 2005. Large decrease for GUD/chancroid	AEM: epidemic decreasing, HIV incidence decline among sex workers from >10% (1999) to <2% (2006)
China (National surveillance plus periodic surveys WHO field visit, 2011)	National: Increase from 14% to over 90% (always use 10–20% from 1995 to 2002, 68% in 2010)	Low and declining from 1.2% (2002) to 0.4% (2010)	Low (0.1%) and stable	Sub-national: declining trends in intervention areas with high condom use	Number of new HIV infections has remained low but shifted from IDU to heterosexual couples and MSM
India (West Bengal) (State and national surveillance data, WHO field visit to West Bengal, 2012)	Sub-national: Increase from low levels to 80–90% in West Bengal and several other states (surveillance & IBBS)	Low and stable (5%) in West Bengal. Declines also reported from several large southern states	Low and stable in West Bengal. HIV incidence in India declining [6]	Sub-national: declining trends in intervention areas. Syphilis decline from 25% (1992) to 0.2% (1998) in Sonagachi	Sonagachi (CLSI) model in West Bengal has informed TI scale-up efforts (DFID, Avahan and NACO) nationally
Indonesia (IBBS, National HIV programme review, 2010; WHO field visit, 2012)	Sub-national: highly variable from <30% to >90% among brothel-based SWs in different sites (IBBS 2011)	Rising (adjusted average) from 7.1% (2004) to 9.4% (2007). Declines in areas with strong implementation	Low but rising (0.2%) HIV incidence rising [6], highest in Papua	Declining trends in some areas with high condom use and/or PPT. Syphilis trends associated with increasing condom use (IBBS 2011)	HIV epidemic shifting from injecting to heterosexual. 100% condom policy adopted but implementation blocked
Mongolia (Second-generation surveillance, WHO field visit, 2011)	National: Increase from 12% (SGS 2002) to over 90% (SGS 2005, 2007, 2009)	Low and stable at 0% (no HIV detected among SWs in SGS rounds)	Low and stable at <0.1%	Sub-national: declining trends in intervention areas with high condom use	Increasing transmission among MSM.100% CUP began in 2002, reached national coverage 2008.
Myanmar (Surveillance reports, WHO review of 100% CUP, 2005)	Sub-national: Increase at pilot sites from 61% in 2001 to 91% in 2002	Decline from 38% (2000) to 9.4% (2011) Declines among young sex workers from >40% (2000–2001) to <10% (2009–2011)	Decline from 2.7% (1999) to 0.9% (2011) among pregnant women. HIV incidence declining [6]	Sub-national: syphilis prevalence trend for sex workers overall declining but recent increases in 2 sites	100% CUP began in 2001, covered 152 of 324 townships by 2006
Nepal (IBBS, National HIV programme review, 2008; WHO field visit, 2012)	Sub-national: Increases from 53–74% in 2003/4 to 83–87% in 2009/11	Low and stable at about 2% in three main epidemiological regions	HIV incidence declining [6]	Sub-national: active syphilis declining three to twelvefold to 1% in three regions from 2003–2009	Surveillance disaggregated by 3 regions: Terai highway, Pokhara & Kathmandu valleys
Thailand (National surveillance and periodic surveys, HIV programme review, WHO 2006)	National: Increase from 14% in early 1989 to over 90% since 1993	Decline from 33.2% (1994)–2.8% (2010)	Decline among ANC clients from 1.5% (2000)–0.9% (2009) HIV incidence declining [6]	National: 95% reduction of curable STIs between 1990 and 2000, elimination of chancroid, LGV	AEM: annual HIV incidence decreased from 150,000 in 1990 to 11,000 in 2010. Estimates >5.7M HIV infections averted by 2002
Vietnam (National surveillance and surveys, WHO field visit, 2011)	Sub-national: Variable with increases in many sites but decreases in large cities where drug use among sex workers is common	Decline from 5.9 (2002) to 4.6% (2009), but highly variable with increases in Hanoi, Haiphong and HCMC (IBBS 2011)	Low (0.4%) but rising from 0.1 in mid 1990s (IDU, MSM)	Sub-national: declining trends in intervention areas with high condom use	One-quarter to one-third of sex workers in Hanoi, Haiphong and HCMC report drug use (HIV among SWs rising in these cities)

AEM: Asian epidemic model; CLSI: Community-led structural interventions; CUP: Condom use programme; DSW: Direct (brothel-based) sex workers; IBBS: Integrated bio-behavioral surveys; IDU: Injecting drug users; MSM: Men who have sex with men; SGS: Second-generation surveillance; STI: Sexually transmitted infections; SWs: Sex workers; TI: Targeted intervention.

Notes