Molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors

Abstract

Molecular imaging represents tissue-specific imaging and quantification of physiologically functional and molecular events in tumors, utilizing new noninvasive imaging modalities. It combines anatomic, physiologic and metabolic information in a single imaging session. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) present unique features to use specific nuclear imaging, such as somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), metaiodobenzylguanidine scans and PET scanning. NETs express somatostatin receptors on tumor cells and can, thus, be visualized by ¹¹¹In–gadolinium-diethylenetriame pentaacetic acid–octreotide (OctreoScan^®), which is currently the most common scanning technique for NETs. Every patient with a NET should be subjected to SRS. Technetium-labeled somatostatin analogs are currently growing in importance. Metaiodobenzylguanidine scanning was previously the only method for detection and follow-up of NETs, but is nowadays more or less replaced by octreotide scanning. During the last decade, PET scanning has been developed for detection and follow-up of patients with NETs. It has clearly demonstrated the highest sensitivity and specificity in the range of 85–95%. It detects smaller tumors down to 3 mm, compared with SRS, which has a size limit of approximately 1 cm. ⁶⁸Ga–DOTA–octreotide will, in the future, replace SRS owing to its higher sensitivity and specificity, and also reduce the time for investigation. It will also offer the possibility to evaluate the number of somatostatin receptors in a specific tumor. In the future, PET scanning will be more readily available and less expensive, and it will be possible to study tumor biology, vascularization and gene expression in NETs with the development of new tracers.

Keywords::

• ¹¹C–5-hydroxytryptophan
• ¹⁸F-fluoro-L-dopamine
• ⁶⁸Ga–DOTA–octreotide
• metaiodobenzylguanidine
• neuroendocrine tumors
• nuclear medicine
• PET
• somatostatin receptor scintigraphy

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The author has no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.