Genetic and modifiable risk factors for age-related macular degeneration

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in older people. Research into AMD genes has had a major breakthrough recently with the identification of a number of gene loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms that are strongly associated with AMD susceptibility. These include variants in the complement factor H, LOC387715, factor B and complement component 2 genes. Research on AMD risk factors has led to identification of a few consistent, modifiable risk factors (smoking) and protective factors (fish and antioxidant intake). A number of risk factors (light exposure, cataract surgery, inflammatory processes and cardiovascular-related pathogenic factors) deserve further investigation. Understanding the interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers is likely to be key in unraveling the pathogenesis of AMD. Lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation and healthy diet changes, provide evidence-based, feasible preventive actions for older individuals susceptible to AMD.

Keywords::

• age-related macular degeneration
• complement factor H
• gene polymorphism
• genetic susceptibility
• modifiable risk factors
• smoking