Oculoplastic applications of botulinum toxin

Abstract

Commercially available preparations of botulinum toxin have been used for a wide variety of diseases. In many instances, it has supplanted other therapeutic modalities to become the first line of therapy. We review the pharmacologic properties of botulinum toxin, the indications for use in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, the potential adverse effects associated with the use of the toxin and the future of therapy directed at chemodenervation.

Keywords::

• blepharospasm
• Botox^®
• Botox cosmetic
• botulinum toxin
• Dysport^®
• facial rhytids
• hemifacial spasm
• Meige Syndrome
• Myobloc^®

Financial disclosure

The authors have no relevant financial interests related to this manuscript, including employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.