Erratum

This article refers to:

Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms

Correction to: Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms

Okuyama H, Langsjoen PH, Hamazaki T, et al. Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015;8(2):189-99.

Following publication of this article the below error has been identified in Figure 1. The authors apologize for any confusion caused.

short-legendFigure 1

1. The sub-scale of the right vertical axis indicating the intima-media thickness for ENHANCE trial was missing, and the endpoint adopted from each trial was not clearly described. The slope for the ASPEN trial was inversely shown.

A revised figure and a supplementary table have been prepared (see below) to clearly indicate the endpoints used in different trials, participants and other information on the trials

Table 1. Randomized Controlled trials with Statin (±CETP Inhibitor) Published After the Year 2004.

Trial	Participants		Intervention	RCT group	LDL-C mg/dL	Coronary events	Endpoint	Significance
Reference	Background	Age, Number	Years
4D	DM in hemodialysis	65.7 yrs., n = 636	4	Placebo	125	38.0	Death from cardiac causes, %	ns
Wanner C, N Engl J Med 2005; 353:238-48		65.7 yrs, n = 619		Atorvastatin	72.5	37.0
ENHANCE	Familial Hpercholesterolemia	45.7 yrs., n = 363	2	Simvastatin	192.7	1.4	Increase in Carotid Artery IMT (maximum) vs. Basal, %	ns
Kastelein JP, N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1431-43		46.1yrs., n = 357		Simvastatin + Ezetimibe	141.3	2.4
CORONA	Systolic heart failure	73 yrs, n = 2,497	2.73	Placebo	136	12.3	Primary outcome, rate*	ns
Kjekshus J, N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2248-61		73 yrs, n = 2,514		Rosuvastatin	76	11.4
		"		"	136	9.6	CV mortality, rate*	ns
		"		"	76	9.3
ASPEN	DM in hemodialysis	61.0 yrs, n = 1,199	4	Placebo	112.9	3.1	CV mortality, %	ns
Knopp RH, Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1478-85		61.1 yrs, n = 1,211		Atorvastatin	82.7	3.1
		"		"	112.9	15.0	Composite endpoint, %	ns
		"		"	82.7	13.7
ILLUMINATE	High CV risks	61.3 yrs, n = 7,534	Stopped at 1	Atrovastatin	80.8	5.0	CHD death, nonfatal MI, stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina	p = 0.001
Barter PJ, N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2109-22		61.3 yrs, n = 7,533		Atorvastatin+torcetrapib	58.2	6.2
		"		"	80.8	0.8	Death from any cause	p = 0.006
		"		"	58.2	1.2
GISSI-HF	Chronic Heart failure	68 yrs, n = 2,289	3.9	Placebo	118.3	28.1	Death from any cause, %	ns
GISSI-HF Investigators, Lancet 2008; 372(9645) :1231-9		68 yrs., n = 2,285		Rosuvastatin	83.3	28.8
SEAS	Asymptomatic aortic stenosis	67.4 yrs., n = 929	4.35	Placebo	139	38.2	Major CV events, %	ns
Rossebøo AB, N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1343-56		67.7 yrs., n = 944		Simvastatin + Ezetimibe	53.3	35.3
				"	139	10.8	Death from any cause, %	ns
				"	53.3	11.1
JUPITER	LDL (≤130 mg/dL & high CRP level	66 yrs., n = 8,901	Stopped at 1.9	Placebo	108	1.4	Combined primary endpoint, rate*	p < 0.00001
Ridker PM, N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2195-207		66 yrs., n = 8,901		Rosuvastatin	54	0.8
				"	108	1.3	Death from any cause, rate*	p = 0.02
				"	54	1.0
ALLHAT-LLT	Hypertensive	66.3 yrs., n = 5,185	8.8	Usual care	121	0.7	All-cause mortality, rate*	ns
Margolis KL, J Clin Hypertens 2013; 15:542-554		66.4 yrs., n = 5,170		Pravastatin	104	0.7
				"	121	0.6	CVD mortality, rate*	ns
				"	104	0.5

In CORONA, the primary outcome includes death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke. ILLUMINATE a includes CHD death, nonfatal MI, stroke or hospitalization for unstable angina, and ILLUMINATE b represents all-cause mortality. In JUPITER, the combined primary endpoint includes MI, stroke, arterial revascularization, hospitalization from angina or death from CV causes. JUPITER reported significantly decreased all-cause mortality and combined primary endpoint, but was critically reviewed by de Lorgeril M et al., Arch Intern Med 2010; 170:1032-6, and also by Serebruany VL, Cardiology 2-11; 120:84-88. The results of meta-analyses including articles published before 2004 (mainly 1990s) were not adopted as reliable ones because of the reasons described in the text. MEGA study was not adopted either as critically reviewed by Hamazaki T et al., Ann Nutr Metab 2015; 66(Suppl 4):1–116.

*Rate/100 person-years.

CETP: Cholesterol ester transport protein; CV: Cardiovascular disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus type 2; MI: Myocardial infarction.