Exploring the optimal combination therapy in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes causes approximately 2.9 million deaths yearly, mainly through an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In hypertensive diabetics, blood pressure reduction determines a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular and renal events. Conversely, reaching the generally recommended target of lower than 130/80 mmHg is a difficult challenge and, in most cases, two or more antihypertensive drugs are required. Until recently, there was a general consensus that combination treatment should include a diuretic as one of the two fundamental agents. However, recently published trials using calcium channel blockers plus renin–angiotensin system-blocking agents showed that such a combination reduces the risk of major cardiovascular events, provides greater renoprotection, and improves metabolic outcomes as compared with diuretic-based combinations. The present review explores the potential for an ‘optimal’ combination therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, in view of recent experimental and clinical evidence.

Keywords::

• angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker
• angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
• antihypertensive agent
• calcium channel blocker
• combination
• diabetes mellitus
• diuretic
• drug combination
• drug therapy
• hypertension

Financial & competing interests disclosure

We gratefully thank the not-for-profit Foundation Fondazione Umbra Cuore e Ipertensione (AUCI-ONLUS Foundation) for financial support. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.