Enhanced Nitrogen Uptake and Photosynthesis of Rice Grown with Deep and Permanent Irrigation Method: Possible Mechanism for Chalky Grain Reduction

Abstract

Recently, the occurrence of chalky grain caused by high temperature stress at the ripening stage has been a global problem for rice. We previously showed that the deep and permanent irrigation method, which is the combination of the V-furrow direct seeding and deep-flood irrigation methods, reduced chalky grain occurrence. To study the possible physiological mechanisms for reduced chalky grain occurrence by the deep and permanent irrigation method, we conducted field experiments in 2008 and 2009 to examine the effects of the deep-flood treatment on plant nitrogen (N) content, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate especially at the ripening stage. Results showed that in the deep-flood treatment that maintained a 20 cm water depth, leaf N content was consistently and significantly higher than the control with only a 10 cm water depth. Except two measured days, the stomatal conductance under the deep-flood treatment was significantly higher than in the control. Furthermore, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate in the deep-flood treatment were always significantly higher than in the control in both years. Thus, the deep-flood treatment enhanced N uptake, and consequently photosynthetic activity, resulting in the reduction of chalky grain formation, as previously reported. Accordingly, the effects of deep- flood treatment on grain quality improvement in rice may possibly be attributed to the improvement in source activity.

Key Words:

• Chalky grain
• Deep-flood irrigation
• Grain quality
• High temperature
• Nitrogen content
• Photosynthesis
• Rice