Abstract
Purpose
Cesarean section is the most common surgery performed in obstetrics. Incorporating a simulation model into training provides a safe, low-stress environment in which students can gain skills and receive feedback. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of obstetrics simulator training for medical students doing their internship.
Methods
Twenty-five students posted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology received a formal lecture on cesarean section and demonstration of the procedure on a mannequin in the first week of their internship, The study group (n = 12) practiced their skills on an obstetrics simulator under the direct supervision of a faculty member. The control group received no simulator-based training (n = 13) or further instruction. All students were asked to complete a prevalidated questionnaire to assess their level of confidence in performing the procedure after the educational session.
Results
Compared with their peers in the study, students in the simulator group were significantly more likely to define the steps of cesarean section (91% vs 61.5%), and were comfortable in assisting cesarean section (100% vs 46.15%) as they were able to identify the layers of abdomen opened during cesarean section. All 12 students reported this as an excellent experience.
Conclusion
We were able to construct an inexpensive cesarean section trainer that facilitates instruction in cesarean section technique in a low-stress environment.
Keywords:
Introduction
Surgical education research has been exploring alternative methods of teaching surgical skills that may enhance or accelerate learning. There is good evidence that procedural simulation improves operational performance in actual clinical settings.Citation1 The training and development of technical skills has largely been performed in the operating room. Although most institutions in the West and Tanzania under low resource settingsCitation2 have implemented surgical skills training programs for surgical residents, few such programs exist in India. In the current model of surgical training, based primarily on apprenticeship, the opportunities for deliberate practice are rare. Operations are complex, and it is difficult to focus on one small component of the procedure.Citation3 As surgical techniques become more advanced, the content of surgical training in obstetrics and gynecology is becoming increasingly complex. For example, compared with laparotomy, minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery requires the trainee to develop spatial relationship skills and associated psychomotor skills to be able to manipulate surgical instruments in a 3-dimensional operative field while looking at a 2-dimensional video screen. Therefore, effective training in obstetrics and gynecology requires skills acquisition in basic and complex surgical techniques and obstetric procedures. All of these skills potentially can be taught and assessed with simulation-based training.Citation4 Obstetrical simulation is the re-enactment of routine or critical clinical events involving a woman who is pregnant or recently delivered and her fetus or newborn for procedural or behavioral skills training, practice, evaluation, or research. The overall goal of obstetric simulation is to improve the quality and safety of care for women and newborns.Citation5
There are 2 types of surgical simulators. The low-fidelity simulators use material and equipment that are less similar to the true surgical environment. Low-fidelity models sacrifice realism for portability, lower cost, and potential for repetition. Examples of low-fidelity simulators include bench models such as video box trainers, knot tying boards, and episiotomy repair models. The high-fidelity simulator provides realism through characteristics such as visual cues, tactile features, and feedback capabilities. Examples of high-fidelity simulators would include virtual reality simulators, procedural simulators, and live animal models. Live animal models are considered to be of high fidelity and are most desirable for complex skills. Drawbacks to these models are high cost, limited availability, and moral and ethical concerns. Currently available obstetric simulators range from part-task trainers for suturing episiotomy, birthing pelvis for forceps and vaccum application to high-fidelity life-size female mannequins, situations, and environments for realistically representing obstetric events. Our model would be considered as an intermediate to a high-fidelity surgical simulator for training residents in cesarean section. Cesarean section is the most common surgery performed in obstetrics and incorporating a simulation model into training provides a safe, low-stress environment in which students can gain skills and receive feedback. Because we could not identify a commercially available trainer or an adequately described simulation model for this procedure, we developed our own cesarean section model. There were no studies available to determine the effectiveness of such simulation in the literature though one study has shown a similar simulation model on video presentation.Citation6 The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of obstetrics simulator training for medical students doing their internship.
Material and methods
A cesarean section model was made of the various layers of abdomen, uterus and amniotic cavity, and dummy fetus, using fabric available from craft stores ( and ). Approval was obtained from the college research committee. Twenty-five students posted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology received a formal lecture on cesarean section and demonstration of the procedure on the mannequin in the first week of their internship. This sample size was selected as students are posted in the department in batches of 12 to 13. The simulator study group (n = 12) practiced their skills on an obstetrics simulator under the direct supervision of a faculty member. The control group received no simulator-based training (n = 13) or further formal instruction.
Figure 1 The layers of abdomen and dummy fetus being delivered during the procedure.
Figure 2 The layers of abdomen and dummy fetus being delivered during the procedure.
All students were asked to complete a prevalidated questionnaire to assess their level of confidence in performing the procedure immediately after the educational session. The following steps were followed in prevalidating the questionnaire. The questions were framed keeping in mind the objectives of the study. They were discussed with the experts in the department and modifications were done. The questionnaire was pilot tested on 15 senior residents not involved in this study and were asked to give their feedback. The time taken to fill the questionnaire and their feedback was taken. Analysis of reliability of the questionnaire was done with SPSS software. The final questionnaire was made after deleting the questions of low reliability. The questionnaire includes 13 closed ended questions to measure self-perceived confidence in performing the steps of cesarean section. Students rated their confidence on a five-point Likert scale, 1) ‘Very unconfident’ to 5) ‘Very confident’. Qualitative questions on how the training changed student perception of performing surgery as well as recommendations for improvement of the training were also included in the questionnaire. Responses for each item in the questionnaire were compared between both the groups. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 17 software which included the paired t-test and the Mann–Whitney test. A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. With this sample size the power of the study was 0.66 to detect an 0.05 significance level if the true difference between the means was 1. Reliability statistics using Cronbach’s alpha for 13 closed ended questions was 0.815.
Results
Compared with their peers in the study, students in the simulator group were significantly more likely to define the steps of cesarean section (91% vs 61.5%), and were comfortable in assisting cesarean section (100% vs 46.15%) as they were able to identify the layers of abdomen opened during cesarean section. Twelve students (100%) in the simulator group were able to identify the basic instruments for the procedure compared with only 3 of 13 in the control group of students (23%). When asked whether they felt ready to close the rectus sheath and skin under supervision, 12 students (100%) in the simulator group indicated that they felt confident that they could perform the procedure with minimal supervision or independently, compared with only 2 of 13 in the control group of students (15.3%) (). All 12 students reported this as an excellent experience. All 12 students said that they would recommend such training for all their colleagues and juniors.
Table 1 Student responses in both simulator and control groups
Discussion
Students who practiced cesarean section on an obstetrics simulator reported higher levels of confidence in their skills to assist cesarean section and perform abdominal closure during cesarean section under minimal supervision. Ninety-one percent of the respondents strongly agreed that the training was a valuable use of their break time, believed it would help them provide better patient care, and would recommend the training to their juniors. Students reported an increase in willingness and preparedness to carry out surgery after the training. Comments from participants included: ‘Improvement themes related to wanting longer duration of training’ One participant felt ‘I could learn how to hold the knife in a proper way today’. The present study is a pilot study to assess the value of a cesarean section model in resident education. The sample size was chosen as students come in batches of 12 to 13 for their postings. A major advantage of this simulator training for relative surgical ‘novices’ is that the skills are taught by experts in a low-key, nonpressurized environment rather than in the operating room, where time pressures and patient safety are paramount. EricssonCitation7 and othersCitation8 have pointed out that learning is enhanced in low-tension environments, but high-level tension, such as is often found in the operating room, inhibits learning of motor skills because of associated anxiety. Simulation has been widely used in the military, the airline industry, and now in medical specialties. Simulation attempts to recreate scenes to teach, test, and prepare for a particular scenario one may encounter.Citation9
However, unlike other high-fidelity models, our model is inexpensive. The expense report for our entire project was US$500 and allowed for participation of 25 residents for 2 days. The cost of surgical simulation systems can be anywhere from US$4,000 to US$200,000.Citation10 In an era of shrinking budgets, easy availability and affordable cost are advantages of our simulation model. Surgical skills training on low-fidelity bench models was as effective as high-fidelity model training for the acquisition of technical skill among novice surgeons. Both low- and high-fidelity bench model training were superior to didactic training.Citation11 The ultimate purpose of any surgical simulation is to help surgeons reach a skill level that will translate into improved surgical performance in the operating room. The current study does not address this issue. Simulation provides a safe environment, in which mistakes are tolerated without harming patients and appropriate responses can be learned and practiced. A more confident student should lead to less anxiety for not only the student but also for the patient and the teacher-physician. Any surgical simulator should be considered only as a complementary tool to accelerate learning and not as a replacement for an actual patient encounter, which is the cornerstone of medical education.
Limitations of the study are the small sample size, subjective survey, and lack of objective evidence of improved surgical performance. Studies need to be done with a larger sample size. Despite the limitations, our pilot study suggests that this simulation model is a good teaching model that utilizes modest resources. Identifying more effective methods to teach and assess surgical skills will benefit not only our trainees but also the patients for whom we care.
Conclusion
We were able to construct an inexpensive cesarean section trainer that facilitates instruction in cesarean section technique in a low-stress environment. Training sessions using this simulation improved students’ perception of their technical knowledge and comfort level. This is an inexpensive, safe and efficient way to teach these surgical skills. Further studies still need to be done with a larger sample size.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Col Dr CG Wilson Principal, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences for his support and encouragement. We express sincere thanks to faculty members for their help and medical students for their active participation. We would like to thank the management of Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences for their constant support and encouragement.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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