Training medical students in the social determinants of health: the Health Scholars Program at Puentes de Salud

Abstract

Purpose

Given the large influence of social conditions on health, physicians may be more effective if they are trained to identify and address social factors that impact health. Despite increasing interest in teaching the social determinants of health in undergraduate medical education, few models exist.

Participants and methods

We present a 9-month pilot course on the social determinants of health for medical and other health professional students, which is based at Puentes de Salud, Philadelphia, PA, USA, a community health center serving a Latino immigrant population. This service-learning course, called the Health Scholars Program (HSP), was developed and implemented by volunteer medical and public health faculty in partnership with the community-based clinic. The HSP curriculum combines didactic instruction with service experiences at Puentes de Salud and opportunities for critical reflection. The HSP curriculum also includes a longitudinal project where students develop, implement, and evaluate an intervention to address a community-defined need.

Results

In our quantitative evaluation, students reported high levels of agreement with the HSP meeting stated course goals, including developing an understanding of the social determinants of health and working effectively with peers to implement community-based projects. Qualitative assessments revealed students’ perception of learning more about this topic in the HSP than in their formal medical training and of developing a long-term desire to serve vulnerable communities as a result.

Conclusion

Our experience with the HSP suggests that partnerships between academic medical centers and community-based organizations can create a feasible, effective, and sustainable platform for teaching medical students about the social determinants of health. Similar medical education programs in the future should seek to achieve a larger scale and to evaluate both students’ educational experiences and community-defined outcomes.

Keywords:

• social determinants of health
• medical education
• service-learning
• Hispanic health

Introduction

Social conditions such as education, employment, and neighborhood conditions have a large influence on health and disease.^1,2 Physicians may therefore be more effective if they are trained to identify and address social factors that impact health. Undergraduate medical education, with its primary emphasis on proximate health determinants such as specific pathogens, individual risk factors, and medical treatments, has been slow to incorporate a large body of knowledge about the social determinants of health.^3,4 However, recent research has concluded that social conditions may have a greater impact on health and disease than proximate factors that have long been the focus of medical education.^5–7 Although there is currently little emphasis on the social determinants of health in undergraduate medical education, the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) recently acknowledged the importance of training future physicians in this area.⁸

There have been many efforts to integrate public health concepts into medical education, in the form of classroom teaching,^9–11 field experiences,^12–15 dual Doctor of Medicine/Master of Public Health degree programs,^16–18 and residency rotations.^19–21 However, our literature review revealed only two published programs that mention social determinants of health as a thematic focus,^19,21 and few undergraduate medical education programs that incorporate teaching about the social determinants of health into their curriculums.^22–24

We describe an innovative 9-month pilot course on the social determinants of health offered to medical and other health professional students. This course was developed by medical and public health faculty in partnership with a local community health center, Puentes de Salud (“Bridges of Health”), Philadelphia, PA, USA. In addition to providing primary health care to a Latino immigrant population, this organization offers several integrated service programs that address social determinants of health. Our course engages medical students directly in these service programs, while incorporating critical reflection on their volunteer experiences and didactic teaching on the social determinants of health. All course activities take place at Puentes de Salud, representing an innovative approach that puts the community at the center of participating medical students’ educational experience.

Material and methods

Course description

The Health Scholars Program (HSP) was designed as an interprofessional course to help students recognize diverse social factors that influence health and identify potential roles that health professionals can play to improve social conditions through multidisciplinary action. This course employs service-learning – an increasingly popular pedagogic tool in medical education^25–27 – as its primary educational method. The HSP incorporates three linked learning activities that are central in service-learning: 1) community service, 2) didactic teaching, and 3) critical reflection. The HSP is led by volunteer university faculty and staff at Puentes de Salud.

The program and curriculum were designed by faculty and doctoral students in medicine, public health, and education. The goals of the HSP are to: 1) develop a collaborative, interdisciplinary course focused on improving the health and well-being of an underserved population; 2) expose health professions students to the social determinants of health and deepen their understanding of this topic; and 3) promote a longitudinal commitment to community health among participating students. Students are required to complete didactic and experiential learning activities over a 9-month period, which include lectures, readings, critical reflections, and community service. An outline of these course activities is provided in Table 1.

Table 1 Health Scholars Program curriculum overview

Month	Didactic activities	Experiential learning activities
1	Lecture: Introduction to the Social Determinants of Health Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud Group reflection session
2	Lecture: Latino Immigrants in Philadelphia and the United States Training: Helping Immigrants Navigate the Health Care System Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud Individual written reflection Community service project: • Introduction session
3	Lecture: Links Between Education and Health Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud Group reflection session Community service project: • Brainstorming session
4	Lecture: Providing Primary Care in Under-resourced Settings and Innovative Care Models Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud Individual written reflection Community service project: • Brainstorming session • Interviews with community stakeholders
5	Lecture: Integrating the Social Determinants of Health into the Practice of Medicine Training: How to Access and Analyze Immigrant Health Databases Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud 2 hours of shadowing a community program Group reflection session Community service project: • Planning session • Coordinating with community stakeholders
6	Lecture: The Relationship Between Public Policy and Health: A Case Study of Immigration Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud Individual written reflection Community service project: • Implementation • Evaluation planning • Coordination with community stakeholders
7	Lecture: Occupations and Health Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud 2 hours of shadowing a community program Group reflection session Community service project: • Implementation • Evaluation • Coordination with community stakeholders
8	Lecture: Mental Health in US Latino Immigrants Training: Legislative Advocacy Workshop Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud Individual written reflection Community service project: • Implementation • Evaluation
9	Lecture: Alternative and Complementary Medicine in Latin America Select readings and discussion	8 hours of volunteer service at Puentes de Salud Group reflection session Community service project: • Group presentations • Dissemination to community

Lectures focus on the social determinants that impact the health of Puentes de Salud’s target population and that of similar communities nationwide. The introductory lecture focused on mechanisms through which social determinants impact individual and population health. Examples of other topics covered in the HSP pilot lectures include immigration, education, and occupation as social determinants of health. These lectures are given by participating university faculty, local practitioners, and invited national experts. To complement monthly classroom lectures, students complete a short number of readings and either attend a monthly group reflection session facilitated by course faculty or write an individual reflection focused on the program’s varied learning activities. The reflection activities encourage students to draw connections between classroom concepts and community-based experiences.²⁸ In addition to attending lectures and completing readings and reflections, students attend training sessions provided by local advocacy organizations that are relevant to serving the target population. These training sessions focus on health care navigation for immigrants, accessing and analyzing immigrant health databases, and legislative advocacy for immigrants.

Community-based service is also an integral component of the HSP. During the 9-month program, participants volunteer for at least 8 hours per month in the Puentes de Salud clinic, its after-school tutoring program, or both. In addition, students in the HSP must also shadow at least one other of Puentes de Salud’s programs that address social determinants of health (examples in Table 2). The service component of the HSP curriculum also includes a longitudinal community project, in which teams of students design, implement, and evaluate a program to improve the health and wellness of Puentes de Salud’s target population. Students receive training from course faculty in principles of community engagement,²⁹ consisting of relevant readings and facilitated group discussion on the topic. During meetings with community stakeholders, students explore community needs and brainstorm about potential projects to address those needs. Students then develop and implement a longitudinal project, with ongoing supervision by community leaders and the course faculty during formal monthly group sessions. Regular informal discussion among students, course faculty, and community stakeholders continues throughout the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the community projects. The first cohort of Health Scholars developed programs to lower stress among community residents and to navigate access to pediatric care for uninsured immigrant youth.

Table 2 Puentes de Salud programs involving Health Scholars Program students

Programs addressing social determinants of health	Collaborating disciplinesa	Program goals/objectives
After-school tutoring program for children in kindergarten through sixth grade	Dentistry, Education, Medicine, Nursing, Psychology, Public Health, Undergraduate, Visual Arts	• Provides individualized assistance with homework assignments • Engages students in art projects and other educational activities • Offers the following pediatric primary care and preventive services: vision testing, audiometry, vaccines, body mass index screening, nutrition education, and dental screening and referral
Art therapy program for adolescents	Medicine, Psychology, Public Health, Social Work, Visual Arts	• Screens adolescents for post-traumatic stress by clinical psychologist • Treats post-traumatic stress using art and behavioral therapy by licensed professionals in both disciplines
Backyard gardening program	Medicine, Nutrition, Public Health, Undergraduate, Urban Planning	• Helps families build and maintain gardens on their properties • Provides technical assistance (eg, composting workshop) • Includes nutrition education by Penn State Agricultural Extension
Charlas program	Business, Dentistry, Education, Law, Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition, Public Health, Undergraduate, Urban Planning, Visual Arts	• Educates patients and families in the clinic waiting room about important nonmedical topics (eg, financial literacy, winter storm preparedness, and immigration rights) • Uses audiovisual aids and paper handouts to enhance understanding and retention of content
English as a second language	Education, Medicine, Public Health, Undergraduate	• Offers courses at three levels of English proficiency
Food assistance program	Medicine, Public Health, Urban Planning	• Screens individuals for eligibility for food assistance programs • Provides weekly, affordable food deliveries to families, in partnership with a local nonprofit organization focused on food access
Latino outreach immigration services project	Law, Medicine, Public Health	• Screens Puentes de Salud patients for the presence of immigration-related legal issues • Provides specialized legal immigration services to eligible individuals through a partnership with an immigrant legal advocacy organization
Prenatal education classes	Medicine, Nursing, Public Health	• Uses standard curriculum Comenzando Bien (March of Dimes^©) • Emphasizes the importance of social support throughout pregnancy and beyond • Identifies the role of the environment in ensuring a healthy pregnancy and a healthy child
Promotora program	Dentistry, Medicine, Public Health, Nursing, Nutrition, Psychology, Undergraduate, Urban Planning	• Offers individual and group education about environmental health, family well-being, women’s health, nutrition, obesity, heart disease, and diabetes • Provides patient navigation for health services • Holds educational sessions in a variety of community-based settings: Puentes de Salud, local churches, and other nonprofit organizations
Victim/witness program	Medicine, Public Health, Undergraduate	• Coordinates medical, social, and legal services for victims of violent crimes, through a partnership with a local nonprofit organization focused on victims of violence

Note:

a Collaborating disciplines are listed in alphabetical order.

Participants

We selected the first cohort of the HSP using an application that was sent to all area universities and medical schools. Applicants were chosen by the two course directors (JMG and SJS) based on their interest in the subject matter, previous relevant experience, and availability to participate in all course activities. This group comprised 12 students from the following disciplines: medicine (nine), public health (one), psychology (one), and Hispanic studies (one). Two-thirds of the cohort were women, and five participants were of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, with half of the group consisting of minority students. These students’ formal programs of study were based at the following six institutions: Temple University, University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Bryn Mawr College.

Data collection

Our evaluation of the HSP consists of students’ qualitative reports collected from written reflections and a survey completed by students at the end of the program (Figure 1). On a five-point Likert scale, students reported their degree of agreement with statements about meeting HSP course goals.

Figure 1 Student evaluations of the Health Scholars Program (Fall 2013).^a

Note: ^a1= strongly disagree and 5= strongly agree ± standard deviation.

Results

The numeric scores for each survey question, representing averages of all 12 students’ responses with associated standard deviations, are presented in Figure 1.

The following three themes emerged from medical students’ qualitative reports on the HSP: 1) this program has provided their first exposure to the social determinants of health, 2) they have learned more about the health challenges facing vulnerable populations through this program than through curricular efforts in their medical schools, and 3) this program has shaped their desire to serve vulnerable communities in their medical training and beyond. Specific comments from students include the following: “Until now, my formal education has not directly prepared me to work effectively with marginalized populations whose background is vastly different from mine … nor is it likely that my medical school curriculum will focus on addressing social determinants of health”, “There is a limit to how much you can learn from reading about social determinants of health – understanding a community and its specific health challenges comes from interacting directly with community members and building their trust”, and “The better we know our patients, the better we can serve them. This type of course should be a critical component to our formal education in any health care setting.” Participating students provided two primary suggestions for improving the HSP: 1) spend less class time on lectures and more time on facilitated group discussion and 2) provide more hands-on guidance in planning and implementing the community-based projects.

Discussion

Strengths, weaknesses, and challenges faced

We sought to develop an educational program to teach medical and other health professional students to identify and address the social determinants of health through multidisciplinary service-learning. According to our literature review, Puentes de Salud’s HSP is one of few programs that focus on the social determinants of health in undergraduate medical education. The community-based setting for the HSP has enabled collaboration among students and faculty from many academic institutions in the region, and helps ensure that students’ learning activities address community needs. These defining features of our program – action-oriented, community-based, collaborative, multidisciplinary, and interinstitutional – create a unique setting to teach medical students about the social determinants of health.

The diversity of participating students with respect to academic institution, discipline, and race/ethnicity provided a rich experiential base that contributed to monthly reflection sessions. This opportunity to engage in dialogue about readings and volunteer experiences was an important complement to didactic instruction in the course. The integral involvement of community members in the development of students’ longitudinal service projects represents another strength of the HSP. Community health workers and other recognized community leaders provided guidance to students throughout the design and implementation of their community-based projects. Involving these local leaders in the course helped ensure that students’ service projects were responsive to community needs, and implicitly taught the value of iterative stakeholder input in community-based work. However, similar courses that are developed elsewhere in the future will naturally draw on different community resources and address different community-defined needs. The duration and intensity of the HSP offered students an opportunity to engage meaningfully with both the course content and the community in which the course was based.

The HSP was conducted exclusively outside of academic medical centers, which may marginalize the content for some medical students. Although this was not the case for the participants in our pilot program, integrating some learning activities into academic centers may help promote an understanding of how community and clinical contexts are related. The HSP did not include training in multidisciplinary program structures or ethics, which may help students to engage community leaders and organizations more effectively. We plan to include such background training for subsequent cohorts of the HSP. Our evaluation of the HSP, which used mixed methods, provides preliminary evidence of its effectiveness. However, our evaluation was limited by a small sample size, a narrow scope of both quantitative and qualitative components, and the lack of an experimental design. We plan to address these limitations in future research on this program. Future evaluation efforts should also explore differing perceptions of the program among medical students versus those from other disciplines.

Developing and sustaining the HSP has presented unique challenges. While recruiting volunteer faculty and teaching assistants has required little concerted effort, we have increasingly recognized the need for dedicated staff. Scheduling course activities around students’ formal educational programs based at six different institutions required more effort than was anticipated. Students’ feedback soliciting more direct guidance on community-based projects highlights the need to provide salary support to protect faculty and community leaders’ time for this purpose. Course faculty and community members might be more effective mentors on community projects if they received training on this topic. Funding constraints have limited our capacity to accommodate the large number of students who want to participate in the HSP. Also, because the course is based outside of an academic medical center and its traditional funding streams, improving and sustaining the program will ultimately require a business model that reaches beyond time-limited philanthropic support. This model may include funding from the academic medical centers whose students participate in the program.

The HSP in context

Several medical schools have recently developed undergraduate curricular elements that address the social determinants of health.^22–24 Some of these published programs mention the social determinants of health as a topic that is covered in a larger curriculum focused on integrating population health²² or public health²³ concepts into undergraduate medical education. Meurer et al²⁴ describe a longitudinal program for a self-selected group of medical students that employs community-engaged learning with a primary focus on the social determinants of health. This 3-year program integrates didactic and experiential learning activities – the same curricular components used in the HSP. This course is longer in duration than ours but includes fewer monthly contact hours.

Most curricular attempts to teach medical trainees about the social determinants of health are directed on academic medical campuses or combine university-based didactic instruction with community-based experiences. Only one published program was developed jointly with a community-based organization and engages all of its trainees there, as Puentes de Salud’s program does.¹⁹ Gregg et al¹⁹ created a social medicine curriculum to teach medical residents about the social determinants of health through partnership with an organization addressing homelessness and addiction. While embedding medical trainees within one community-based organization may limit the range of their real-world exposure to the social determinants of health, it promotes a deep understanding of the population that that organization serves. In addition, engaging a number of trainees at the same site provides a collective effort to dedicate to service-based projects.

Conclusion

Our experience with the HSP suggests that partnerships between universities and community-based organizations can play a joint role in offering medical education programs on the social determinants of health. Community-based organizations understand the social forces that impact health in their communities and have experience confronting such problems. This community-informed perspective is critical and often lacking in university-led outreach efforts.³⁰ In addition, their position outside of academia insulates community-based organizations from many of the challenges universities face when trying to address social determinants of health. Universities have limited experiential knowledge of their surrounding communities,³¹ structural barriers to collaborating across disciplinary boundaries,³² and financial barriers to funding multidisciplinary, community-based education programs.³³ However, most community-based nonprofit organizations lack the motivation and capacity to develop medical education programs alone. Partnerships with universities can provide nonprofit organizations with both technical and content expertise of involved faculty and financial resources that offset the costs of integrating students into service programs.

Creating meaningful partnerships between academic medical centers and community-based organizations represents a unique opportunity to teach medical students about the social determinants of health – an increasingly important topic in medical education. Efforts to develop mutually beneficial partnerships between universities and community-based organizations will face challenges to sharing resources equitably, hiring staff jointly, and adequately compensating all individuals involved. However, the unique assets of each partner are necessary to help students develop meaningful theoretical and applied foundations in the social determinants of health. In addition to helping meet this curricular goal in medical education, such partnerships may also help improve the reputation of academic medical centers in the communities they serve and contribute to meaningful improvements in local health. Future courses on this topic should evaluate both participating students’ educational experiences and also community-defined outcomes.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Thomas Inui and Judy Shea for their thoughtful review and comments on previous drafts of this manuscript. This work was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (K23-DK095981 O’Brien).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work, financial or otherwise.