https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8088-7059
Abstract
Introduction
Previous studies showed more sleep disturbance (SD) in patients with cutaneous disorders (CD). During CD, unpleasant subjective symptoms [USS], such as itch, pain and others (tingling, burning, or tightness) have a negative influence on sleep quality. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of SD in CD patients and to identify the influence of itch, pain and other unpleasant sensations on SD.
Materials and Methods
An international, anonymized real-life survey was conducted with individuals [18−75 years], with physician-confirmed CD, or without CD. The 25 items covered sociodemographic characteristics, feeling of overall sleep quality and skin unpleasant sensations. Severity of SD and unpleasant sensations were assessed using a 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Results
From 3834 analyzed questionnaires, 2871 (67.3%) were in the CD group and 863 (32.7%) in the control group. Patients with CD had significantly more SD (71.2% vs 32.7% in the control group, p<0.0001). CD patients without any reported unpleasant sensation were at higher risk for SD than control subjects (OR 1,362 [95% CI 1.975–2.405] p=0.0013). SS were highly associated with SD (OR 1.641 [95% CI 1.393–1.933] p<0.0001). Pruritus, pain and intermediate sensations were significant predictors of SD, with odds ratios of 1.670, 1.625 and 1.326, respectively. VAS sleep scores were strongly associated with pruritus (r: 0.25, p<0.0001) and pain (r: 0.25 p<0.0001) severity ratings.
Discussion
SD is a common problem for patients with CD. Patients with subjective symptoms suffer more from SD, suggesting that they are aggravating factors, but are likely not the only reason for SD in CD patients. We found that during CD, intermediate sensations also contribute to SD. Despite some limitations and the potential bias due to the study design, our results confirm for the first time on an international level the influence of subjective symptoms on sleep quality in patients with CD.
Introduction
Sleep, which occupies approximately one-third of the lives of human beings, is essential for mental and physical health and well-being.Citation1 Sleep disturbances (SDs) are distressing and disabling conditions that are frequently reported in chronic medical illnesses with significant quality-of-life impairment.Citation2,Citation3 Previous studies have shown more SD in patients with cutaneous disorders (CD),Citation4 such as psoriasis,Citation5–Citation8 atopic dermatitis,Citation9–Citation11 vitiligo,Citation12,Citation13 acne,Citation14 urticaria,Citation15,Citation16 prurigo nodularis,Citation17 hidradenitis suppurativaCitation18 and lichen planus.Citation19 SD can aggravate the underlying CD and cause decreased health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Citation5,Citation20,Citation21 SDs are often under-recognized and under-reported in patients with CD because of the absence of systematic or specific questioning by dermatologists. The pathogenesis of SD in patients with CD is complex and multifactorial. Unpleasant subjective symptoms such as itch and pain are known to have a negative influence on the sleep quality of CD patients, causing both difficulty in falling asleep and frequent awakenings from sleep.Citation4,Citation5,Citation18,Citation22–Citation29 In addition to pruritus and pain, patients with CD can suffer from other unpleasant symptoms, such as tingling, burning or tightness.Citation30 The current state of knowledge about the influence of these other unpleasant sensations on SD in patients with CD is limited and not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of sleep disturbance in CD patients and to identify the influence of itch, pain and other unpleasant sensations on SD.
Materials and Methods
An international, anonymized survey was conducted from December 2018 to January 2019 via a digital questionnaire in France, Brazil, China, Russia and the USA on participants with self-reported dermatosis (respondents reported that the diagnosis had been confirmed by a physician) or without dermatosis (control-group), using a representative sample of the general adult population aged between 18 and 75 years of age. The survey was conducted by means of local Internet databases of users who agreed to participate in surveys. It complied with local data protection laws and used completely anonymized data. No participant refused to participate. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with the relevant ethical guidelines.
In fact, as this study did not involve any patient contact and was completely anonymous, approval from the ethical review board was not necessary. Each subject was informed of the nature of the questionnaire and confirmed his or her agreement before being able to respond. The GPRD was respected.
The CD group was defined as the individuals with at least one self-reported dermatosis. Subjects had to confirm that their dermatosis was clinically confirmed by a physician. Exclusion criteria included a non-physician confirmed dermatosis and age greater than 75 years.
The questionnaire was composed of items covering the following: 1) Sociodemographic characteristics. 2) Individual’s subjective feeling of overall sleep quality, that was measured using a 10-cm Sleep Disturbance Visual Analogue Scale (SD-VAS). Scores of the SD-VAS ranged from 0 (no SD) to 10 points (worst SD). SD VAS scoring was categorized as mild (>0 to <3 points), moderate (≥3 to <7 points) and severe or very severe SD (≥7 to 10 points). The SD-VAS is a sensitive, reproducible, reliable and validated measureCitation31 for the evaluation of sleep quality. Results of SD-VAS data are presented as 95% confidence intervals for the means. 3) Presence of skin unpleasant sensations, such as pain, itch, tingling, burning, or tightness. Three standardized 10-point visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to measure the intensity of itch, pain, and intermediate sensations (tingling, numbness, burning, and tightness); an intensity of 0 meant no symptoms, and 10 indicated the worst possible imaginable sensations.
Based on clinical evaluation, male and female patients were divided into four clinical groups, considering the presence or absence of symptoms and the type of symptoms.
1. Absence of skin unpleasant sensation (pruritus, pain, burning, tightness, tingling, numbness) (Intermediate sensations VAS Scoring, Itch VAS scoring and Pain VAS scoring = 0).
2. Presence of intermediate sensations without pruritus or pain (Itch VAS scoring and Pain VAS scoring = 0).
3. Greater feeling of pruritus associated or not with pain and intermediate sensations (the intensity of pruritus evaluated by VAS is greater than that of pain).
4. Greater feeling of pain associated or not with pruritus and intermediate sensations (the intensity of pain evaluated by VAS is greater than that of pruritus). Control population included subjects who had no subjective symptoms (no burning, tightness, tingling, numbness, pruritus and pain).
Data Analyses
Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 7.0 (Stata corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Data concerning adult individuals between 18 and 75 years of age with at least one dermatosis were extracted from the survey database. Quantitative variables are expressed as the means and standard deviations.
Qualitative variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analyses involving categorical or qualitative variables were carried out with chi-square statistics. Quantitative variables were compared using the Student’s test. The presence of a relationship between quantitative features was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient for parameters consistent with a normal distribution and Spearman correlation coefficient in cases of non-compliance with a normal distribution. A p-value of 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Demographic Characteristics of Patients with Cutaneous Disorders
A total of 11,000 individuals participated in the survey, and data from 3834 of them were usable for statistical analysis: 2871 (67.3%) from the CD group and 863 (32.7%) from the control-group (). The recruited patient group with CD [Acne (n=1044); Psoriasis (n=163); Atopic dermatitis (n=254); Contact dermatitis (n=147); Rosacea (n=201); Vitiligo (n=50); Seborrheic dermatitis (n= 195); Scalp disorders (n=216); Photo dermatosis (n=422); Other skin disorders (n=179)] consisted of 1306 males and 1565 females (age 39.4±14.5 years, range 18–74 years). Details regarding the patient demographics of the study sample are summarized in .
Table 1 Demographic Data of Cutaneous Disorders (CD) Patients and Control Subjects
Figure 1 Study population.
The 2871 subjects suffering from skin disorders were individualized into 4 groups, considering the presence or absence of symptoms and the type of symptom.
- A total of 182 (6.3%) patients felt no pruritus, no pain and no intermediate sensation (burnings, tightness, tingling, numbness) (Intermediate sensations VAS Scoring, Itch VAS scoring and Pain VAS scoring = 0).
- A total of 205 (7.1%) subjects felt intermediate sensations without pruritus and pain (Intermediate sensations VAS Scoring: from 0.1 to 10, Itch VAS scoring and Pain VAS scoring = 0).
- A total of 2325 (81%) subjects felt more significant pruritus associated or not with pain and/or intermediate sensations (Itch VAS scoring from 0.1 to 10 and higher than Pain VAS scoring).
- A total of 159 (5.5%) subjects felt more important pain associated or not with pruritus and intermediate sensations (Pain VAS scoring from 0.1 to 10 and higher than Itch VAS scoring).
Information on the prevalence rates of pruritus, pain and intermediate sensations for each skin disease is provided in .
Table 2 Prevalence of Pruritus, Pain and Intermediate Sensations Among Cutaneous Disorders Group
Prevalence and Intensity of Sleep Disorders
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients from the CD group and the control group are summarized in . Patients suffering from CD were significantly younger than the control ones (39.41 ± 14, versus 43.73 ± 14.89, p: 2.42 E-06). We found a significantly higher prevalence of SD among patients with CD (71,2% vs 32.7% in the patient control-group, p: 646E-88). Patients with CD were at a significantly increased risk for SD when compared with control subjects (OR 2.179 [95% CI 1.128–1.644] p<0.0001). Patients with asymptomatic CD were at a significantly increased risk for SD when compared with control subjects (OR 1.362 [95% CI 1.975–2.405] p: 0.0013). However, there was no difference in the severity of SD between patients suffering from asymptomatic CD and control subjects (3.56 ± 2.35 vs 3.54 ± 2.32, p: 0.92).
Table 3 Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with and without Sleep Disorders (SD)
The prevalence of SD was not significantly different between males and females (69.4% in males and 72.7% in females, p: 0.49). The prevalence of SD was significantly higher after 40 years in females (537/1138 47.2% in women versus 324/907 35.7% in men p: 1.81E-7) ().
Table 4 Sleep Disturbance Visual Analogue Scale (SD-VAS) of Patients with Sleep Disturbance
The severity of SD was significantly higher in subjects suffering from CD than in controls (4.13 ± 2.51 if dermatosis versus 3.54 ± 2.32 for control people, p=0.0019). The severity of SD was significantly higher in females (4.36 ± 2.56 versus 3.84 ± 2.41 1.85 E-6).
Symptom Predictors of Sleep Disturbance
The Presence of Subjective Symptoms Was Highly Associated with SD (Adjusted HR) 1.641 ([95% CI 1.393–1.933], p<0.0001)
Pruritus, skin pain and intermediate sensations are significant predictors of sleep disturbance, with odds ratios of 1.670 [95% CI 1.417–1.967], p<0.0001), 1.625 [95% CI 1.345–1.962], p<0.0001) and 1.326 [95% CI 1.087–1.617], p<0.0001), respectively.
The prevalence of SD was not significantly different in people suffering from itching compared to those suffering from pain (74.3% versus 72.3%, p: 0.93). The presence of SD in people suffering from pruritus was significantly greater than in those with intermediate sensations (74.3% versus 59%, p: 0.0005). However, the prevalence of SD was not significantly different in people suffering from pain and in those with intermediate sensations (72.3% versus 59%, p: 0.18).
The severity of SD in case of subjective symptoms was significantly higher than the severity of SD in the absence of symptoms (4.15 ± 2.51 vs 3.56 +/2.35, p: 0.03). The intensity of SD was higher in people suffering from pain compared to those suffering from pruritus (4.85 ± 2.55 vs 4.14 ± 2.51, p: 0.003). There was no difference in the intensity of SD between patients suffering from pruritus and those suffering from intermediate sensations according to the Visual Analogue Scale (4.14 ± 2.51 vs 3.72 ± 2.42, p: 0.07).
VAS sleep disturbance scores were strongly associated with increased pruritus severity ratings (r: 0.25, p: 6.02 E-27) and pain (r: 0.25, p: 7.93E-21) ( and ).
Figure 2 Correlation of the intensity of pruritus and the degree of severity disturbance.
Figure 3 Correlation of the intensity of pain and the degree of sleep disturbance.
Discussion
The data from this international, anonymized internet questionnaire conducted with almost 2871 participants provided information aimed at assessing sleep disturbance in patients with cutaneous disorders.
Our study shows that SD is a common problem for patients who have CD, with a high frequency of SD (71.2% versus 32.7% in the control population). In our study, the prevalence of SD in the control population was consistent with that reported in the general population by Soldatos et al,Citation32 who established an SD prevalence of 31.6% in a study carried out on 35,327 subjects from 10 countries. The severity of SD assessed with the Sleep Disturbance Visual Analogue Scale (SD-VAS) was significantly greater in patients with CD (4.13418 ± 2.51 versus 3.54 ± 2.32 in control individuals, p: 0.0019). Our study does not report a higher prevalence in women at all ages, as it has been frequently reported.Citation1,Citation3 However, we highlighted a higher prevalence of SD after 40 years in females than in males (47, 2% versus 35.7%). The increase in the prevalence of SD in females over the age of 40 can be explained by menopause and the per year increasing prevalence of multimorbidities and psychosocial factors affecting sleep.Citation33
The pathogenesis of sleep disorders during CD is multifactorial and can be explained by the direct effects of inflammation, affective disordersCitation34 and comorbid psychological conditionsCitation35 frequently found in patients suffering from CD.Citation36 Skin plays an important role in proper sleep activity, including deficits in thermoregulatory mechanisms, body temperature and sleep onset.Citation35,Citation37,Citation38 SD, especially with regard to chronicity, can complicate the course of CD or contribute to the aggravation of dermatological symptoms.Citation4,Citation11,Citation18,Citation24
Stress is a well-known factor that can trigger or enhance CD such as psoriasis, and that can cause a majoration of pruritus, pain or skin inflammation. It can as well have a negative influence on sleep quality, and cause SD. In their review, Chen et alCitation39 highlight a very likely “brain-skin connection”, that involves many stress mediators and effector cells, such as central and skin peripheral hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis, substance P and neurotrophins.
Indeed, just like the brain has the ability to secrete neromediators in response to stress, there also is a skin peripheral stress response system, which involves cutaneous effector cells (like mast cells or dermal fibroblasts) that have the ability to secrete stress neuromediators.
We found a high prevalence of SD in CD patients without subjective skin symptoms (such as pruritus, pain and intermediate sensations), which suggests that these symptoms are aggravating factors but are unlikely the only reason for SD in patients with CD. Pruritus severity was found to be the primary predictor of sleep quality, and pain severity was the second strongest predictor of sleep interference. Our study presents evidence that pain and pruritus severity correlate negatively with sleep quality. Pain and pruritus both have an antagonistic relationship and share many similarities, including central sensitization processes and a neuropathic component.Citation40–Citation42 Pruritus and pain can significantly impair the quality of life and sleep of patients.Citation11,Citation28 In our study, we found that intermediate sensations also contributed to sleep disruption in patients with skin conditions. Patients who suffer from such sensations struggle to find the appropriate word for the description, which explains the difficulties in the individualization of these symptoms. Apart from the dermatological symptoms, other factors are likely to play an important role in the onset of SD, such as skin inflammation, as suggested by a recent study which established that patients with inflammatory skin disorders report significantly more fatigue and have higher odds of insomnia compared to patients with noninflammatory skin cancers.Citation11
Pathogenesis of SD during chronic inflammation in the course of CD is linked to the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in brain regions involved in sleep and circadian regulation.Citation11,Citation43,Citation44 Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are characterized by their actions of sleep regulationCitation45 and can lead to symptoms associated with sleep loss, such as sleepiness, fatigue, and poor cognition.Citation46 Sleep disturbance itself can have many negative consequences on CD, badly impacting the integrity and composition of the skin.Citation47 Alterations in skin barrier function may enhance itch by facilitating the entry of pruritogens.Citation48 Acute sleep deprivation has been shown to intensify inflammation of psoriasis in animal studies.Citation49 Furthermore, in the event of dysbiosis which is a dysregulation of the skin microbiota (including bacteria, fungi and viruses) associated with CD, pathogens release proteases, which may disrupt the epidermal barrier. Delta-toxin causes mast cell degranulation, which prompt inflammation and itching.Citation50
Sleep disturbance has deleterious effects on health, including significant quality-of-life impairments, impacts on work and school productivity, driving or transportation accidents due to daytime somnolence, irritability, and poor concentration. SD can contribute to changes in eating habits, with an increased risk of medical comorbidities (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease) and depression.Citation51–Citation57
Limitations
Our study has several limitations. Our sample is a representative group of subjects who consented to take the time to participate in the survey and may be more involved concerning their disease.
Second, it would have been helpful to use a validated instrument to evaluate sleep or an objective measurement of sleep quality (ie, polysomnography and actigraphy). Third, the questionnaire did not detail the existence of associated comorbidities, particularly psychological symptoms, such as anxiety or depression, which can also influence sleep.
Conclusion
Despite these limitations and the potential bias due to the internet study design, our results confirm, for the first time and on a large international level, the influence of subjective skin symptoms on sleep quality in patients with CD. We reported that CD without such symptoms can also have a negative influence on sleep quality and that skin unpleasant sensations aggravate SD. Further immunologic or neurologic clinical studies will be necessary to better understand the source of sleep abnormalities in patients with CD and to deepen our knowledge of the roles of the immune system, circadian rhythm, microbiota and environmental factors. Dermatologists need to incorporate the possible presence of an undiagnosed sleep disorder into their assessment of disease. It is important that dermatologists ask general questions about pruritus, pain, intermediate sensations, and sleep with patients during routine evaluations of cutaneous disorder. Kaaz et alCitation38 proposed reliable guidelines concerning the evaluation and management of sleep disorders in chronic dermatological patients.
Disclosure
Bruno Halioua is a private dermatologist. V. Delvigne and S. Seité are employees of La Roche-Posay, France. Sophie Seite reports personal fees from La Roche-Posay, during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. Clara Chelli reports grants from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. The authors report no other potential conflicts of interest for this work.
Additional information
Funding
References
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