Quality of Life and Psychological Effects of Port-Wine Stain: A Review of Literature

Abstract

Introduction

Port-wine stain (PWS) is a congenital malformation that does not resolve spontaneously and can cause a physiological or psychological burden to the patients. At present, most of the studies done on PWS are focused on the treatment rather than the quality of life and psychological effects of the disease.

Material and Methods

A comprehensive literature search was done in MEDLINE using PubMed database, Embase^®, and Cochrane. All observational studies were included in this review.

Results

A total of 17 relevant articles with 2,135 PWS patients were included in this review. There were 36 measurement tools used to assess the quality of life and the psychological effects among PWS patients. The results showed that patients with facial PWS had a significant negative effect on their quality of life and had also suffered from psychological disabilities. The PWS lesion tends to worsen with age and may cause further adaptation problems towards the social environment, especially in children.

Conclusion

Early treatment, psychological assistance, and patient support are the key management in improving the quality of life of patients with PWS. Quality of life must be regularly assessed together with the improvement of treatment.

Keywords:

• port-wine stain
• quality of life
• psychological effects

Introduction

Port-wine stain (PWS) is a congenital capillary malformation commonly found in the head and neck, with an incidence of 0.3–0.9% in newborns, and affects males and females equally.^1,2 In Spain, a study among 1000 newborns showed that 72% presented with birthmarks and of these, 0.8% was PWS.³ Initially, the lesions appear as pink or red macules, which do not undergo spontaneous involution and may progressively darken to reddish purple.⁴ The lesions grow proportionately with age and can lead to the formation of papules and nodules or they may develop into hypertrophic PWS.⁵ Aside from the cosmetic disfigurement, PWS hypertrophy may also impair sight, speech, nasal breathing and hearing.⁶

Lasers have been used in the treatment of PWS for more than 30 years.⁷ The pulsed dye laser (PDL) is the treatment of choice as exhibited by its clinical efficacy.⁸ It utilizes the principle of selective photothermolysis to injure the ectatic dermal capillaries, thereby reducing the redness and flattening the lesion.⁹ Aside from PDL, other treatment modalities include topical antiangiogenic agents and other lasers, such as intense pulse light (IPL), small and large spot 532 nm potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser, 1064 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and Alexandrite 755 nm laser.^10,11 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a safe and effective treatment for facial PWS in children.¹² Furthermore, the large spot 532 nm KTP laser is highly effective in the treatment of PWS lesions in the body.¹¹

PWS is associated with two uncommon syndromes: Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS).¹³ SWS is a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by PWSs usually affecting one hemiface along one or more trigeminal branches, with associated leptomeningeal angiomas, glaucoma, seizures, stroke-like episodes, and mental retardation.^14,15 On the other hand, a recent study demonstrated that the distribution of facial PWS is related to the embryonic vasculature of the face rather than the trigeminal nerve. Hence, facial PWS located on the forehead appears to be a significant predictor of SWS.¹⁶ Due to these complications, many patients diagnosed with SWS would need protection and assistance to incorporate themselves into the society and have a better quality of life.¹⁷ KTS is a congenital developmental disorder characterized by PWS, venous abnormalities, soft tissue and bony hypertrophy involving a unilateral extremity.¹⁸

At present, most studies done on PWS were focused on the treatment rather than the quality of life and psychological effects of the disease. The body image of oneself and others are important in the development of personality and interpersonal relationships, and more often than not, physical appearance is rated higher than a person’s character.¹⁹ The stigma of having a disfiguring facial birthmark can lead to significant adverse psychosocial effects.²⁰

There are several Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) instruments used to assess the impact of a disease on the quality of life of the patients, which are categorized into generic and specific instruments (dermatology-specific and disease-specific instruments).²¹ Several generic tools are frequently used for the measurement of HRQoL in all diseases, such as the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), EuroQoL EQ-5D, Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) and World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL).²¹ Some dermatology-specific health-related QoL Instruments, such as the Dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaire (DLQI), Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), the Dermatology Quality of Life Scales (DQOLS), the Dermatology-Specific Quality of Life instrument (DSQL, Skindex-17 and Skindex-29 were used to assess the quality of life of skin disease.²¹ Lastly, there is no established disease-specific instrument for PWS patients.

In general, the goal of facial PWS treatment is to cure or to achieve complete clearance of the lesion. However, if we only focus on the treatment of the lesion, there is a tendency to overlook the holistic management of the patient in terms of other aspects, such as quality of life and the psychological effects of the disease. The objective of this article is to provide an overview and assessment of published studies with regard to the quality of life and psychological effects of PWS.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive literature search was done in MEDLINE using PubMed database, Embase^®, and Cochrane last September 14, 2020. The keywords [(port wine stain) AND (quality of life) AND (psychological effects)] were used. All observational studies and full research articles written in English were included. Individual case reports, reviews, conference abstracts, presentations, and basic science manuscripts were excluded. EndnoteX8 (Thomson Reuters 2016) was used to organize the bibliography and screen the articles for duplication. Each article was independently reviewed by two of the authors. We extracted the country, sample size, study design, study population, measures used, and outcomes measured from the studies. We assigned the level of evidence based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (OCEBM).

Results

Our systematic search identified 45 articles. After screening, a total of 17 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included. Among the searched observational studies, there were 3 case-control and 14 cross-sectional studies identified. In total, the 17 studies comprised of 2,135 facial PWS patients and 36 questionnaires were included in the study. The study characteristics and the measurement tools are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Overview of Quality of Life and Psychosocial Effects in Patients with PWS

Author(s)	Country	N	Study Design	Participants	Measures Used	Outcomes Measured	Outcomes Measured	LOE ^†
Augustin et al (1998) ^Citation22	Germany	76	Cross-sectional study	Patient with PWS during FPDL therapy	Symptom Checklist 90R, ALLTAG, Chronic Skin disease Questionnaire, Frankfurt Body Image Scales, specific questionnaire for port wine stains	Emotional well-being, quality of life, body perception, disease-specific stress, expectations of therapy	Patients with PWS showed significantly higher emotional stress than healthy controls, wherein they have impaired quality of life and felt less attractive.	3
Demellweek et al (1997) ^Citation28	United Kingdom	6	Cross-sectional study	Ages 8–11 years old (grades 4, 5 and 6)	5-point scale (agree a lot to disagree a lot) their response to each item was scored 0 to 4	Head and shoulder videoclips of children with PWS and without, lasting 10–15 seconds	Participants thought PWS would attract staring and teasing; for the boy it would cause self-pity and, for one of the girls, it would make getting a boyfriend more difficult, but the stain did not significantly affect participants’ assessment of the attractiveness and character or willingness to interact/become friendly with the children on the video.	4
Hagen et al (2017) ^Citation23	USA	244	Cross-sectional study	18 years or older with PWS	Skindex-29 instrument	QoL questionnaire addressing: Emotions, symptoms and functioning	PWS can negatively affect QoL especially from an emotional perspective. Factors associated with reduced QoL included comorbid depression, limited facial mobility, and presence of other skin conditions. The QoL scores were similar to those of CTCL, rosacea, alopecia, and vitiligo.	3
Hansen et al (2003) ^Citation31	USA	164	Retrospective Cross-sectional study	Patients or parents of minors with PWS who underwent PDL treatment	Patient questionnaire	Physical, social, and psychological outcomes of treatment	Majority (60%) worried less about their appearance after treatment. Overall, 48% of patients indicated satisfaction with treatment. On a 10-point scale indicating their likelihood of recommending treatment to someone similarly affected, the mean score was 7.42. Men were significantly and consistently less satisfied with treatment than women.	3
Heiser et al (2020) ^Citation6	USA	262	Case-control	Case- Hypertrophic Facial PWS and laser-treated facial PWS; control- Monocular and binocular blindness	Visual analogue scale, standard gamble, time trade-off	Quality-adjusted life years	Laser-treated facial PWS showed significantly higher utility measures than untreated hypertrophic state (p < 0.001, all measures), with a difference of 3.24 quality-adjusted life years. Linear regression analysis revealed that non-Caucasian race and higher level of education were associated with lower SG and TTO utility scores for the hypertrophic facial PWS state among naïve observers.	2
Kalick et al (1981) ^Citation26	USA	82	Cross-sectional study	Patients with PWS, aged 7 to 66 years old	Eysenck Personality Inventory, Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory	Neurotic tendencies, anxiety, depression, hostility	PWS patients have slightly lower average scores on all the scales (slightly lower score in extroversion, but also in neuroticism, depression, hostility, and various kinds of anxiety). The test instruments did not detect greater emotional disturbance in the PWS patient sample than in normal control populations.	3
Lanigan et al (1989) ^Citation19	United Kingdom	71	Cross-sectional study	15 years or older with PWS	Questionnaire	Assessment of PWS, status related to laser treatment, use of cosmetic camouflage	Patients with PWS suffer a significant degree of psychological morbidity, which they suppress.	3
Malm et al (1988) ^Citation33	Stockholm	23	Cross-sectional study	Patients ages 25–60 years old, treated with argon laser, and classified either with large or small PWS	Patient interview	Discovery, social interplay, treatment expectations and realities	Patients with large PWS were found to have reality problems. Patients with small PWS showed no reality problems but experienced great individual psychological problems.	3
Masnari et al (2013) ^Citation24	Switzerland	88	Cross-sectional study	Families of a child with a visible facial difference (burn scar, infantile hemangioma, PWS or congenital melanocytic nevus)	Child Behavior Checklist, KIDSCREEN-27, TNO-AZL Preschool Quality of Life Questionnaire, and Perceived Stigmatization Questionnaire	Psychological assessment and health-related quality of life,	Psychological adjustments was within normal. In preschool children, HRQOL was good. In 7–16 years old, HRQOL was impaired including their psychological well-being.	3
Miller et al (1999) ^Citation13	New York	46	Cross-sectional study	Parents of children with Facial PWS receiving PDL treatment	Parenting Stress Index, Family Satisfaction Scale, and Parental Concerns Questionnaire	Demographic characteristics, family satisfaction, parental concerns, parents’ knowledge regarding the PWS, and parent-staff communication.	Five parents (11%) scored in the clinical range for stress. Parents of children with facial PWS reported to be in the average range for psychological stress. Factors associated with lower stress include younger children, more family cohesion and adaptation, fewer parental concerns, and greater satisfaction with parent-staff communication.	3
Schiffner et al (2002) ^Citation25	Germany	36	Cross-sectional study	Patients with facial PWS who completed laser treatments	Chronic Skin Disease Questionnaire (CSDQ) and Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36)	Willingness to pay, time trade-off	92% of the respondents were willing to pay 11.8% of their monthly income and would offer a mean value of 1.2 h per day for an imaginary therapy leading to complete cure of the skin problem. Patients would pay an average of €16 per single treatment and €192 for the whole course of treatments.	3
Sheerin et al (1995) ^Citation27	Scotland	32	ObservationalCase-control	Categorized into case and control groups: children aged 7 to 16 years with facial PWS (n= 32) and children with PE (n=42) vs control (n=32)	Harter Self-Perception Profile, Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Children’s Depression Inventory, Disfigurement Perception Scale, Child Behavior Checklist	Self-perception scores, perception of disfigurement and psychosocial adjustment, behavior, depression and anxiety scores	Children with PWS functioned as well as or better than nondisfigured peers on measurements of psychosocial adjustment, while children with PE scored lower than nondisfigured peers on measures of self-perception and parent-rated social and attention problems. There was no correlation between the degree of disfigurement and level of psychosocial adjustment.	3
Troilius et al (2000) ^Citation30	Sweden	163	Retrospective Cross-sectional study	Treated four to nine times with PDL until the PWS had cleared or until there was no further improvement	Questionnaire developed with a psychiatrist	Psychosocial behavior and reactions after treatment and as they remembered them before treatment	Forty-five percent (61/135) of the patients thought they had lower self-esteem than their age group; the older the patient, the more negative was the grading of their self-esteem (P < 0.001). After the treatments their self-esteem improved significantly (P < 0.001), more so in older patients (P <0.001).	3
Troilius et al (1998) ^Citation29	Sweden	259	Cross-sectional study	Patients and families with PWS	Questionnaire developed with a psychiatrist	Self-esteem, acceptance of PWS, influence of PWS in their lives, school or work problems and relationships	73% of the patients were mostly disturbed by PWS (ages 9–20 years). 75% answered that PWS negatively influenced their life and 61% were convinced that their life would change if their PWS could be eliminated. 47% reported suffering because of low self-esteem. According to 28%, PWS made their school life and education more difficult. After the laser treatment, all of the distress parameters were relieved.	3
van der Horst et al (1997) ^Citation20	Netherlands	82	Cross-sectional study	Children and adults with facial PWS not previously treated	RAND Health Insurance Questionnaire and Child Behavioral Checklist	Quality of life (7 categories) and problem behavior and skills in children	Adolescents and adults reported little effect on role and social functioning, but showed low scores for mental health, self-perceived health and vitality/health. Children’s parents reported no clinically significant problem on behaviour (T-score > 70). Adolescents and adults showed statistically significant negative consequences of their PWS in social contacts compared to children (P ≤ 0.01, Mann–Whitney).	3
van Raath et al (2018) ^Citation2	Netherlands	108	Cross-sectional study	Patients with PWS who had visited the laser department	Self-administered questionnaire	PWS localization, stress level, number of treatments, lesional clearance, satisfaction, willingness to participate in a new study, acceptable travel time, willingness to pay	65% would participate in clinical studies and 49% would accept intravenous drugs. For an effective treatment, 58% was prepared to pay over €2,000 and 48% would travel more than 6 h. Travel time was inversely correlated with age, clearance rate, and satisfaction. Facial PWS patients had undergone more treatments, were less satisfied, and less willing to participate in studies or accept intravenous drugs. Stress levels were higher in females.	3
Wang et al (2017) ^Citation5	China	393	Case-control	Categorized into 2 groups: case- PWS (n= 197) and control - vitiligo (n= 196)	DLQI	QoL comparison between PWS and vitiligo (control)	DLQI scores of PWS patients were mainly distributed from 2 to 5 (52.29%) and from 6 to 10 (42.13%), which suggested that PWS had a small and moderate effect on QoL. Single-factor analysis and multiple-factor logistic regression analysis showed that the main influencing factors were female sex, skin hypertrophy, and lesion area >30 cm^2 (P<0.05; odds ratio, >1).	2

Note: ^†Based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence.

Abbreviations: PWS, port wine stain; DLQI, Dermatology Life and Quality Index; QoL, quality of life; CTCL, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; h, hour; PDL, pulsed dye laser; PE, prominent ears; FPDL, flashed lamp-pumped pulsed dye laser; ALLTAG, A questionnaire to record functional capacity in everyday life; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; SG, standard gamble; TTO, time trade-off.

The outcome measurement tools used to assess quality of life include Symptom Checklist 90R,²² ALLTAG,²² Chronic Skin disease Questionnaire,²² Frankfurt Body Image Scales,²² Specific questionnaire for port wine stains,²² Skindex-29 instrument,²³ Child Behavior Checklist,²⁴ KIDSCREEN-27,²⁴ TNO-AZL Preschool Quality of Life Questionnaire,²⁴ Chronic Skin Disease Questionnaire (CSDQ),²⁵ Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36),²⁵ RAND Health Insurance Questionnaire,²⁰ Child Behavioral Checklist²⁰ and DLQI.⁵ Based on the results of these questionnaires, it was proven that patients with Facial PWS have a significant negative effect on their quality of life.

The outcome measurement tools used to assess the psychological effects include Eysenck Personality Inventory,²⁶ Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist,²⁶ State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,²⁶ Perceived Stigmatization Questionnaire,²⁴ Parenting Stress Index,¹³ Family Satisfaction Scale,¹³ Parental Concerns Questionnaire,¹³ Harter Self-Perception Profile,²⁷ Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale,²⁷ Children’s Depression Inventory,²⁷ Disfigurement Perception Scale,²⁷ and Child Behavior Checklist.²⁷ The results from these questionnaires show that patients with facial PWS suffered from psychological disabilities. The lesion is expected to worsen with age and may lead to adaptation problems towards the social environment, especially in children.¹⁹

Discussion

This systematic review examined the impact on the quality of life and psychological effects of PWS in both adults and children.

Quality of Life

Facial PWS was proven to have a significant negative effect on the quality of life, and had scores similar to those diagnosed with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), rosacea, alopecia and vitiligo.²³ On the contrary, it was reported that these patients functioned as well or even better than their normal peers and it was concluded that psychosocial adjustment depends on the type of disfigurement or deformity, and it was unrelated to the severity of the disfigurement.²⁷

Difference Among Age Groups

In general, patients with PWS suffer considerable psychological disabilities that they suppress, and these difficulties do not improve with advancing age and may cause further adaptation problems to their social environment.¹⁹ In our literature search, we found that adults and children have a different reaction towards the psychosocial effects of PWS.

Children with PWS are usually discriminated by their peers.²⁸ A study was done among school-aged children with visible facial differences (PWS, burn scar, infantile hemangioma and congenital melanocytic nevus) and was found to have an impaired quality of life and psychological well-being relative to the norm, but these findings were not seen in pre-school children.²⁴

Compared with children, adolescents and adults with PWS showed statistically significant negative consequences among their social contacts.²⁰ Adults with PWS also complain of how they were treated by others, and they believed that their skin condition makes it more difficult to attract potential sexual partners.²⁸ The progression of the PWS lesion increases with age as presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Clinical photographs of facial PWS among patients. Clinical photographs of facial PWS among patients in different age groups (A) a 4-month infant (B) a 5-year old child and (C) a 51-year old woman.

Early Treatment

In a previous study, 75% answered that PWS negatively influenced their life and 61% were convinced that their life would change if their PWS could be eliminated.²⁹ Several studies have reported that patients with PWS showed improved psychosocial status after their treatment when compared to before.^29,30

The societal-perceived utility of hypertrophic facial PWS was found to be similar to monocular blindness, while laser-treated facial PWS was significantly perceived more favorably than the untreated hypertrophic state.⁶ This shows the burden of the disease and the impact of treating it with laser. Among 164 PWS patients treated with PDL, 60% were satisfied with the treatment and 61% would recommend it to others, although men were significantly less satisfied with the treatment compared to women.³¹ During treatment, close attention must be performed to assess the quality of life and mental status of female PWS patients, lesion areas >30 cm², or those with hypertrophic PWS.⁵ Among the different lesional characteristics, size was found to be the most important in the overall disfiguring effect of PWS.³² Patients with large PWS may have problems in their interactions with their environment characterized by their individual life events and personality dynamics, while those with small PWS experienced great individual psychological problems.³³

Patients with PWS who had greater emotional stress were found to have unrealistic expectations with regards to therapy.²² It is important to clarify this prior to treatment, since excessive therapy expectations can lead to a less stable emotional well-being and unfavorable coping mechanism.²²

Willingness to Pay for Treatment

Patients with facial PWS were willing to pay 11.8% of their monthly income and would offer a mean value of 1.2 hours per day for an imaginary therapy leading to a complete cure of their skin problem.²⁵ It was reported that females with PWS are more willing to undergo experimental treatments and accept intravenous administration.² These findings can be useful in evaluating the expected compliance of patients to a possible new treatment modality.

Parental Support

Management of a patient with PWS involves a holistic approach, which includes extensive family support. As much as we want to recommend early treatment, the common dilemma of parents includes weighing the possible future social risks of PWS against the pain of laser therapy and its costs.⁴ It was reported that parents of children with facial PWS had lower stress when they had younger children, more family cohesion and adaptation, fewer parental concerns, and greater satisfaction with parent-staff communication.¹³ This study suggests the importance of having a clear and comprehensive communication, which is sensitive to the psychological needs of the patients and the parents.

Despite the significant findings, only a few number of studies have been published with regards to this topic. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies with a large sample size be conducted. Also, it would be more useful if a standardized assessment tool specifically for the quality of life and psychological effects of PWS be established.

Conclusion

Early treatment, psychological assistance and patient support are the key management in improving the quality of life of patients with PWS. Quality of life must be regularly assessed together with the improvement of treatment.

Abbreviations

PWS, Port-wine stain; DLQI, Dermatology Life and Quality Index; QoL, quality of life; CTCL, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; h, hour; PDL, pulsed dye laser; PE, prominent ears; FPDL, flashed lamp-pumped pulsed dye laser; ALLTAG, A questionnaire to record functional capacity in everyday life; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; SG, standard gamble; TTO, time trade-off; HRQoL, Health-Related Quality of Life; LOE, Level of evidence.

Acknowledgments

This systematic review is supported by the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. The authors wish to thank Dr. Surachet Sirisuthivoranunt, Ms. Phonsuk Yamlexnoi and Ms. Chutikan Kiatphansodsai for their assistance in managing the database.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work.